Friday, November 23, 2018

British forgery of Indian history

Nature and Aim of British Forgery
British forgery in Indian history was multifaceted and well declared, but is still considered authentic by Indians who refuse to leave mental slavery. There was a lot of false propaganda about history and its science, in which stories of Aśoka, Kalinga and Buddhism are most important. Main FALSEHOODS are-

(1) Indians did not write history -Actually, whatever history is written is totally from Indian literature though its major part was destroyed in 1000 years foreign rule.

(2) Indians did not give dates – Actually, Indians only have given dates. Date can be given only with reference to a calendar system. Even the time of Alexander’s attack had to be ascertained from Persian records, as Greece did not have any calendar at that time. Megasthenes has written that the first Greek attack was by Dionysus, 6451 years 3 months before Alexander in 154 generations of Indian kings. This count of generations or running calendar did not exist in any other country and this was based solely on Indian records.

(3) All Greek historians – Herodotus, Megasthenes, Solinu, Arrian, Pliny, Curtius have written that (a) India is only country where all persons are indigenous, (b) India had not attacked any country since last 15000 years as it was self sufficient in food. After Maxmuller copied 15000 years and reduced it 10 times to make 1500 BC as start of Indian Vedic civilization, this number was omitted from later editions. (c) There was continuous govt at least since 6777 BC when first Greek attack had occurred. (d) Reference to India meant that Greek attack was solely for looting, but it was shown to have given knowledge of science to India.

(4) All research was centered to destroy Indian records and praise in even western records to show that Britishers were just other foreigners like Indians themselves and had come for civilizing this country-not for looting. For that, excavation was made only in Indus valley and without bothering to know the meaning, arbitrary conclusions of date, migration of Aryans were made. Till today, westerns and even nationalists are obsessed with Indus civilization. Nationalism has changed the word to Sarasvatī-but we have stopped looking at our own language and records.

(5) There is no inscription seen anywhere in world which has given sequence and chronology of kings. Actually, no king can say that he died at such time and after him such and such became kings. These are found systematically in purāṇas only. After copying succession of kings from that, names of major kings who started calendars have been dropped and such kings have been made great who are nowhere mentioned in any literature or do not have any effect now. All Sanskrit students/teachers read works of Kālidāsaunder Vikramāditya (Samvat in 57 BC) of Ujjain, Śūdraka (Śaka in 756 BC) and Śrīharṣa(Śaka in 456 BC) -but after lifelong reading, tell that there is no record about these kings as their calendars are still in use.

(6) There is only one chapter on Maurya Aśoka in Divyāvadāna, not a single line about any so-called great Gupta kings-but these are considered great. Samvat of Vikramāditya is still standard for deciding all festivals of India-not the so called Rāṣṭrīya-śaka-samvat started as copy of Roman calendar and there is10000 pages of literature on him-but that is not reference, as it can indicate correct time.

(7) Dhauli inscription of Aśoka is only about welfare and administration-it does not mention Kalinga war or anything about Buddha. But there were 10 million murders in North India as retaliation of 1857 revolt and further 3.5 million starvation murders in Orissa by Ravenshaw in 1865 when there was surplus production of rice. So, Vincent Smith created false story in 1893 (Ashok the Great) that hindus also were blood-thirsty and had killed /injured 10.5 lakhs in Kalingawar. Ashamed of being murderous hindu, Aśoka was converted to Buddhism. Romila Thapar (Asoka and the Decline of the Maurya) went a step ahead and described about downfall of India due to pacifist policy of Aśoka. All these are totally false, baseless and unimaginable.

Time of Aśoka
It was not something unknown and is written accurately in all purāṇas. Actually, there is no calendar in Europe prior to Julian calendar which can record his date. Carbon dating can indicate the date of any object with at least an error of 300 years for that period and even then a written record is needed to know that it was of time of Aśokaor Gupta period. All Indian calendar calculations start with Kali era beginning from 17-2-3102 BC, Wednesday, Ujjain midnight and even rough calculation by Vākyakaraṇa (charts memorized by sentences) has error of less than 15 minutes. Any calculation by calendar software of NASA will have error of up to 68 hours for 3100 BC. After 10 models of correction, error can be reduced to about 25 hours.

There are 2 Aśokas – one a Maurya king of Magadha and another a Gonanda king of Kashmir about same time. All purāṇas give list of Kaliyuga kings of Magadha, e.g. Bhāgavata purāṇa, skandha 11). They are-

1.Bārhadratha vamśa-Started with Somāpi, son of Sahadeva killed in Mahābhārata war.
(1) Somāpi (Mārjāri)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) Śrutaśravā (3080-3016 BC), (3) Apratīpa(3016-2980 BC), (4) Niramitra (2980-2940 BC), (5) Sukŗta (2940-2882 BC), (6) Bŗhatkarman (2882-2859 BC), (7) Senajita(2859-2809 BC), (8) Śrutañjaya (2809-2769 BC), (9) Mahābala (2769-2734 BC), (10) Śuchi (2734-2676 BC), (11) Kśema (2676-2648 BC), (12) Aņuvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvŗtti(2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), (16) Dŗɖhasena (2453-2395 BC), (17) Sumati (2395-2362 BC), (18) Suchala (2362-2340BC), (19) Sunetra (2340-2300 BC), (20) Satyajita (2300-2217 BC), (21) Vīrajita (2217-2182 BC), (22) Ripuñjaya (2182-2132 BC) Total-22 kings for 1006 years (Brahmāņɖa purāņa 2/3/74/121, Vişņu purāņa 4/23/12 etc).

2. Pradyota vamśa-Last Bārhadratha king was Ripuñjaya killed by his minister Śunaka(or Pulaka) and made his son-in-law Pradyota, as king (Brahmāņɖa purāņa2/3/74/122, Skanda purāņa 12/2 etc). (1) Pradyota (2132-2109 BC), (2) Pālaka (2109-2085 BC), (3) Viśākhayūpa (2085-2035 BC), (4) Janaka (2035-2014 BC), (5) Nandivardhana (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years.

3. Śiśunāga vamśa– (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta2/2, Bhāgavata purāņa 12/2/8 etc.)-(1)Śiśunāga (1994-1954 BC), (2) Kākavarņaor Śakavarņa (1954-1918 BC), (3) Kśemadhanvā (1918-1892 BC), (4) Kśatrauja(1892-1852 BC), (5) Vidhisāra (Bimbisāra) or Śreņika (1852-1814 BC), (6) Ajātaśatru(1814-1787 BC), (7) Darśaka (1787-1752 BC), (8) Udāyi (1752-1719 BC), (9) Nandivardhana(1719-1677 BC), (10) Mahānandi (1677-1634 BC). In this period Siddhārtha, son of Śuddhodana became Buddha, who was incarnation of māyā and moha, not of Vişņu(Vişņu purāņa 4/23 etc). He was 5 years younger to Bimbisāra and died in 8th year of Ajātaśatru’s rule in 1806 BC. Udāyi in 4 year of his rule established Pāţaliputra on confluence of Son and Gangā (Vāyu purāņa119/318).
Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years.

4. Nanda vamśa– Mahā-Padma-Nanda was the son of last Śiśunāga king Mahānandi by his śūdrā wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately 1534 years after birth of Parīkśita in 3138 BC) stated in all purāņas as a landmark of history. He won most of India by exterminating all kśatriya kings like second Paraśurāma. (Vişņu purāņa 4/24/104, Bhāgavata purāņa 12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years followed by 8 sons for 12 years (Matsyapurāņa 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years from 1634 to 1534 BC.

5. Maurya vamśaKauţilya Chāņakyadestroyed and made Chandragupta as king. His family belonged to Murā town (in Sambalpur of Orissa, now submerged in Hirakud reservoir) which was center of iron ore called mura (murrum). So the family was called Maurya. 12 Maurya kings ruled for a total of 316 years (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta3/2, Matsya purāņa 270/32, Vāyu purāņaetc.)- (1) Chandragupta (1534-1500 BC), (2) Bindusāra (1500-1472 BC), (3) Aśoka (1472-1436 BC), (4) Supārśva (Suyaśa, or Kuņāla)- (1436-1428 BC), (5) Daśaratha(Bandhupālita)-(1428-1420 BC), (6) Indrapālita (1420-1350 BC), (7) Harşavardhana (1350-1342 BC), (8) Sangata(1342-1333 BC), (9) Śāliśūka (1333-1320 BC), (10) Soma (Deva-) śarmā (1320-1313 BC), (11) Śatadhanvā (1313-1305), (12) Bŗhadratha (Bŗhadaśva)-(1305-1218 BC).

6.Śunga-Vamśa-10 Śunga kings ruled for 300 years (Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta, Matsya,Vāyu purāņa).
(1) Puśyamitra (1218-1158 BC), (2) Agnimitra(1158-1108 BC), (3) Vasumitra (1108-1072 BC), (4) Sujyeşţha (1072-1055 BC), (5) Bhadraka (1055-1025 BC), (6) Pulindaka(1025-992 BC), (7) Ghoşavasu (992-989 BC), (8) Vajramitra (989-960 BC), (9) Bhāgavata(960-928 BC), (10) Devabhūti (928-918 BC).

7. KaņvaVamśa-4 Kaņva kings ruled for 85 years ((Vişņu purāņa 4/24/39-42 etc).
(1) Vāsudeva (918-879 BC), (2) Bhūmimitra(879-855 BC), (3) Nārāyaņa (855-843 BC), (4) Suśarmā (843-833 BC).

8. ĀndhraVamśa-33 Āndhra kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, saptarşi-cycle of 2700 years started in time of kingYudhişţhira (saptarşi  in Maghā  from 3176 BC)-(Matsya purāņa chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta, list in other purāņas miss some names.
(1) Śimukha (Sindhuka or Sumukha)-(833-810 BC), (2) Śrīkŗşņa Śātakarņī (810-792 BC), (3) Śrīmalla Śātakarņī (792-782 BC), (4) Pūrņotsanga (782-764 BC)-In his time Kalinga king Khārāvela became independent from Magadha which was suffering under attack from west Asia. He repaired Prāchīcanal in 5th year of his rule (Prāchī  inscription) which was 803 (Tri-vasu-śata ) years after coronation of Nanda (1634 BC), thus his rule started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) Śrī Śātakarņī (764-708 BC), (6) Skandha-stambin (Śrīvasvanī)-(708-690 BC), (7) Lambodara (690-672 BC), (8) Āpilaka(672-660 BC), (9) Megha-Svāti (660-642 BC), (10) Śāta-Svāti (642-624 BC), (11) Skanda-Svāti (624-617 BC), (12) Mŗgendra-Svāti-Karņa (617-614 BC), (13) Kuntala (614-606 BC), (14) Saumya (606-594 BC), (15) Śata-Svāti-Karņa (594-593 BC), (16) Pulomāvi-1 (593-557 BC), (17) Megha (557-519 BC), (18) Arişţa (519-494 BC), (19) Hāla (494-489 BC)-author of Gāthā-sapta-śatī, contemporary of Śankarāchārya. (20) Maņɖalaka (489-484 BC), (21) Purandara-Sena (484-463 BC)-saptarşi-cycle completed in 476 BC in his period. (22) Sundara- Śātakarņī (463-462 BC), (23) Chakra-Vāsişţhī-Putra and Mahendra (462-461 BC), (24) Śiva-1 (461-433 BC),(25) Gautamī-PutraŚātakarņī (433-408 BC), (26) Pulomāvi-2 (408-376 BC), (27) Śiva-2 (376-369 BC), (28) Śivakoņɖā  ( 369-362 BC), (29) Yajñaśrī (362-343 BC), (30) Vijayaśrī (343-337 BC), (31) Chandraśrī (337-334 BC), (32) Pulomāvi-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of Chandraśrī whose queen had links with commander Chandraguptawho killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake king. His father Ghaţotkacha-Gupta was commander to 2 kings-(30) Vijayaśrī and (31) Chandraśrī.  Finally, Chandragupta killed the son also and became the king himself.

9. Gupta-Vamśa-They have been called Āndhra-bhŗtya also, as they were serving as commander under them (Matsya purāņa273/17). Their place is called Śrī-Parvatawhich should be Śrī-śailam of Andhra Pradesh as the kings were from that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians have mentioned last kings of Āndhra and first 2 kings of Gupta clan as well as strength of army of Āndhra kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes are-Ghaţotkacha (Ghaţa = head, Utkacha = remover of hairs) – barber,
Chandraśrī.  (Chandra-Bīja)—Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st. Āndhra king
Chandragupta-1-Sandrocottus, Samudragupta-Sandrocryptus,
Chandragupta-2 was famous as conqueror or Amitrocchedas (= wiping out enemies)-Amitrochades.
Gupta kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of Maurya period-Chandragupta-1-Vijayāditya. SamudraguptaAśokāditya, Chandragupta-2-Vikramāditya. This was only a title. Famous Paramāra king of Ujjain of this name was later on.
Śrīgupta was father of Ghaţotkacha or himself named as such due to bald head. His son Chandragupta-1 (327-320 BC) became first independent king. His first son Kacha(320 BC) was removed shortly due to his cowardice and Samudragupta (Aśokāditya (320-269 BC) took over. His elder son Rāmagupta offered his wfe to Śaka invader, so his wife married younger brother Chandragupta-2 (Vikramāditya) who killed invader and ruled in (269-233 BC). His sonKumāragupta-1 (233-191 BC) and then Skandagupta (191-175 BC) ruled. He died Issueless. His brother Puragupta ruled as guardian of Budhagupta followed byVainyagupta (175-174 BC), Kumāragupta-2 (174-172 BC), Budhagupta (172-166 BC) of same generation. Then Narasimhagupta(Bālāditya-1)- (166-126 BC) maintained some prestige and it declined with Kumāragupta-3 (126-85 BC), ending withVişņugupta (85-82 BC).

False quoting of Greeks
Megasthenes had come at start of Guptaperiod which was known to Vincent Smith (Early History of India, page 206) and R.C. Mazumdar (Ancient India, page 138) also who have quoted him to give strength of army of Andhra kings. This is possible only when he had come in period of Gupta who were Andhra-bhritya (i.e. servants of Andhra kings at capital Patna). In Period of Ashoka, his 13th pillar inscription is clear that Andhra was a subordinate state. In all web-sites of Andhra Pradesh, it is quoted for glory of Andhra, but for general history, they all revert back to Megasthenes in Maurya period. Sri Mazumdar omitted this reference in his later 3 volume book in collaboration with K.K. Dutta and H.C. Raychaudhuri. For this obedience to Oxford by telling falsehood, he was made general editor of 12 volume history by Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan. Some links-

(1) www.bihar.cc/index.php?article=an-article-on-patna –9k- Sri R,C. Mazumdar in his ancient India (page 138) has written that Pliny has quoted Megasthenese for giving strength of Army of Andhra kings. …
Megasthenese, who visited the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (B.C.322–297), mentioned that Andhra country had 30 fortified towns and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. Ashoka referred in his 13th rock edict that Andhras were his subordinates.

Extracts from Megasthenes: Quotes from Indika is from this website.
(37.) India,… Owing to this, their country has never been conquered by any foreign king:        (38.) It is said that India, being of enormous size when taken as a whole, is peopled by races both numerous and diverse, of which not even one was originally of foreign descent, but all were evidently indigenous; and moreover that India neither received a colony from abroad, nor sent out a colony to any other nation.
(39.) Herakles also was born among them…. He was the founder, also, of no small number of cities, the most renowned and greatest of which he called Palibothra.
FRAGM. LVI. Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8-23. 11. List of the Indian Races.
(22.) …The river Jomanes flows through the Palibothri into the Ganges between the towns Methora and Carisobora
BOOK IV. FRAGM. XLVI. Strab. XV. I 6-8,–pp. 686-688.
  1. But what just reliance …….Its people, he says, never sent an expedition abroad, nor was their country ever invaded and conquered except by Herakles and Dionysos in old times, and by the Makedonians in our own…. Herakles among the Greeks, carried his arms to the Pillars
FRAGM. L. C. Plin. Hist. Nat.VI. xxi. 4-5. Of the Ancient History of the Indians.
For the Indians stand almost alone among the nations in never having migrated from their own country. From the days of Father Bacchus to Alexander the Great, their kings are reckoned at 154, whose reigns extend over 6451 years and 3 months.
Solin. 52. 5.– Father Bacchus was the first who invaded India, and was the first of all who triumphed over the vanquished Indians. From him to Alexander the Great 6451 years are reckoned with 3 months additional, the calculation being made by counting the, kings who reigned in the intermediate period, to the number of 153.
  1. Same as (38) above.

Ancient India as described by Arrian
[Excerpted from Arrian, “The Indica” in Anabasis of Alexander, together with the Indica, E. J. Chinnock, tr. (London: Bohn, 1893), ch. 1-16]
From Dionysus to Sandracottus the Indians reckoned 153 kings, and 6,042 years. During all these years they only twice asserted their freedom; the first time they enjoyed it for 300 years, and the second for 120. They say that Dionysus was earlier than Heracles by fifteen generations, and that no other ever invaded India for war, not even Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, though he marched against the Scythians, and in other matters was the most meddlesome of the kings of Asia. However they admit that Alexander came and overcame in battle all the nations whom he visited, and that he would have conquered them all if his army had been willing. But none of the Indians ever marched out of their own country for war, being actuated by a respect for justice.

Kalinga War and Buddha
There was another Aśoka in Gonanda-vamśa(43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had become Bauddha due to which Bauddhasfrom central Asia destroyed the kingdom. After that his son Jalauka (1400-1344BC) chased away bauddhas and re-established Chāturvarṇya (Vedic path). The place where bauddhas and their west Asian associates were routed was called Ujjhaṭaḍīmba (= uprooting the seed).

(राजतरङ्गिणी, तरङ्ग १)-
प्रपौत्रः शकुनेस्तस्य भूपतेः प्रपितृव्यजः। अथावहदशोकाख्यः सत्यसन्धो वसुन्धराम्॥१०१॥
यः शान्तवृजिनो राजा प्रपन्नो जिनशासनम्। शुष्कलेत्र वितस्तात्रौ तस्तारस्तूपमण्डलैः॥१०२॥
म्लेच्छैः संछादिते देशे स तदुच्छितये नृपः।१०७। सोऽथभूभृज्जलौकोऽभूद् भूलोकसुरनायकः।१०८।
स रुद्ध वसुधान् म्लेच्छान् निर्वास्याखर्व विक्रमः।११५।
ते यत्रोज्झटितास्तेन म्लेच्छाश्छादित मण्डलाः। स्थानमुज्झटडिम्बं तज्ज्नैरद्यापि गद्यते।११६।
जित्वोर्वीं कान्यकुब्जाद्यां तत्त्रत्यं स न्यवेशयत्। चातुर्वर्ण्यं निजे देशे धर्म्यांश्च व्यवहारिणः।११७॥

Many of the inscriptions in name of Aśokaare by him. No inscription including one at Dhauli mentions that he had become Buddhist.

Inscription at Kalsi near Dehradun gives names of 4 kings who were won byAśokaTulamaya, Antikina, Maka, Allikasudala. One of them must be the king of Kalinga, won in 8th year of his rule. That is Alekha-sundara of Kalinga. Alakha name is all over India, but Alekha is only in Orissa because lokapāla of east was Indra who was called Lekharṣabha for starting Deva-nāgarīscript (Mārkaṇḍeya purāṇa chapter 103, Taittirīya samhitā 6/4/7, Maitrāyaṇī samhitā, 4/5/8). He cannot be equated with any king of Alexandria, as it was never a part of India or under Aśoka. The town itself did not exist in 1450 BC.

Only mention of Aśoka is in Bauddha text Divyāvadāna (chapter Aśokāvadāna) that Aśoka was a good Bauddha because he had killed 12,000 Jaina monks on victory over Kalinga. This is too high a figure for a normal war. There is no basis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000 injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then Kalinga and more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with 20,000 horses, which was afraid of Magadha army of 600,000. Only possibility may be that Jainas might be powerful in Kalinga administration which was lost after war. This falsehood was created by Vincent Smith in 1893 to counter 35 lakh murders by Ravenshaw who has become father figure of Oriya nationalism in tradition of British slavery. Another fallacy is spread that Magadha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-violence by Aśoka. Actually, non-violence is feature of Yoga-sūtra and more stressed in Jainism. Rather, Bauddha themselves including Siddhārtha Buddha himself were strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for Bhikśus. It is surprising as to how Buddha was moved by sacrifice of animals in yajña, which is for food, not for God. He expelled Devadatta for recommending vegetarian food for Bhikśus(extract from link below). Due to excess meat eating, Siddhārtha Buddha was operated by Jīvaka who strongly prohibited further meat eating. But he took it when a disciple offered it at Sarnath and he expired (Buddha-Charita of Aśvaghoṣa).

Devadatta requested the Buddha to make it compulsory for monks to follow five extra rules:
(i) Dwell all their lives in the forest
(ii) Live only on alms obtained by begging
(iii) Wear robes made from rags collected from the dust heaps and cemeteries
(iv) Live at the foot of trees
(v) Refrain from eating fish or meat throughout their lives.

Maurya kings were never against Brāhmaņas, minister of Last king Puśyamitra was himself a Brāhmaņa who killed king and became king himself.

The years of each king has been reduced suitably by Pargiter to match his reduced chronology. E.g. Maurya from 316 years to 137 years and number of kings reduced from 12 to 9 (verse 149) He did not understand or cared for saptarṣi era and missed the total number of years given later- Verse 227 tells 1500 (1504) years from Parīkśita to Mahāpadmananda. This number has been reduced to 1050 which is obviously false as Bārhadratha vamśa itself ruled for 1000 (1006) years followed by Pradyotas for 138 and Śiśunāga for 360 before Nanda as given in details. It also indicates that a cycle of Saptarṣi years of 2700 years was completed from Parīkśita to end last part of Āndhrakings (3042 BC-2700 = 342 BC) after which Gupta rule started in 327 BC. Pargiter and William Jones missed Kaliyuga RājaVṛttānta-a subsidiary of Bhavishya purāṇa. That has given complete chronology.

Similar manipulation was done in Matsya purāṇa whose original version tallies with that. Original copies available with Narayana Sastry were destroyed later on.

T.S. Narayana Sastry writes:- “Fortunately in my library (T.S.Narayana Sastry’s Library), I possess a manuscript copy of Matsya Puranain Grantha Character, which gives a complete list of the Maurya kings with years of individual reigns and I give the same below:-

चतुस्त्रिंशत् समा राजा चन्द्रगुप्तो भविष्यति। अष्टाविंशति वर्षाणि भद्रसारस्तु तत् सुतः।२४।
षट् त्रिंशत्तु महाराजो भविताऽशोक एव च। तस्य पुनः कुनालस्तु वर्षाण्यष्टौ भविष्यति।२५।
कुनालसूनुरष्टौ च भोक्ता दशरथस्ततः। सप्तानां दशवर्षाणि तत्सुतश्चेन्द्रपालितः।२६।
भविता चाऽष्टवर्षाणि तत्सुतो हर्षवर्धनः। भविता नववर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रस्तु सम्मतः।२७।
त्रयोदश हि वर्षाणि शालिशूको भविष्यति। भविता सप्तवर्षाणि सोमशर्मा नराधिपः।२८।
भविता शतधन्वा तु नववर्षाणि तत्सुतः। बृहद्रथस्तु वर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रोऽथ सप्ततिः।२९।
इत्येते दश च द्वे च ये भोक्ष्यन्ति वसुन्धराम्। शतानि त्रीणि वर्षाणि तेभ्यः शुङ्गान् गमिष्यति।३०।

This version of Matsya purāṇa tolerably agrees with that given in the manuscript copy of the Kaliyuga Raja Vrittanta, in my library which also I add below for easy reference-
चन्द्रगुप्तस्ततो मौर्यश्चाणक्येनाऽभिरक्षितः। चतुस्त्रिंशत् समा राज्यं करिष्यति सुधार्मिकः॥
अष्टाविंशति सहस्राणि विन्दुसारो भविष्यति। षट् त्रिंशस्तु ततो राजा भविताऽशोकवर्धनः॥
सुपार्श्व स्तत्सुतश्चाऽथ वर्षाण्यष्टौ भविष्यति। अष्टौ वर्षाणि तत्पुत्रो भोक्ता वै बन्धुपालितः।।
बन्धुपालितदायादो सप्ततिं चेन्द्रपालितः। भविता नववर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रस्तु संगतः॥
त्रयोदश समा राज्यं शालिशूकः करिष्यति। भविता सप्तवर्षाणि देवधर्मा नरर्षभः॥
ततः शतधनू राजा भविताऽष्टौ समा भुवि। बॄहद्रथस्तु तत्पुत्रो जरासन्ध इवाऽपरः॥
क्षत्रियानखिलान् जित्वा महाराजो भविष्यति। अष्टाशीतिं तु वर्षाणि स राष्ट्रं पालयिष्यति॥
द्वादशैते नृपा मौर्या श्चन्द्रगुप्तादयो महीं। शतानि त्रीणि भोक्ष्यन्ति दशषट् च समा कलौ॥ (भाग ३, अध्याय २)

Vide “Age of Sankara”, part IB, Appendix I, page 56ff)

Origin of Mauryas
Maurya is derived from word Mura which means iron ore powder-it is called murrum or red-brown soil put on earthen roads. There were 2 famous regions of-Mura. One was Morocco, land of Moors. King of that are was killed by Kṛṣṇa, so he was called Murāri. His town had 100 Yojana (about 800 kms) iron fencing, so he was called Mura as in Viṣṇu purāṇa (5/29/16-17). विष्णु पुराण (५/२९)-

प्राग्ज्योतिषपुरस्यापि समन्ताच्छतजोजनम्। आचिता मौरवैः पाशैः क्षुरान्तैर्भूर्द्विजोत्तम॥१६॥
तांश्चिच्छेद ह्रिः पाशान्क्षिप्त्वा चक्रं सुदर्शन। ततो मुरस्समुत्तस्थौ तं जघान च केशवः॥१७॥

Same is in Bhāgavata purāṇa (10/59/3-5) etc. Durgā-saptaśatī (8/6) calls them Maurya.

Centre of iron ore region from Korba to Tatanagar was called Murā town. It was on bank of Mahanadi and was also called Mura-sīma-pattana (being a river port). This was regional capital of Pāṇḍu-vamśī kings ruling from Suvarṇapur (Sonepur) in west Odisha. This town submerged in Hirakud reservoir in 1956 after a dam was built. Other 2 regions under them were Kalinga with capital at Koṇa-gaḍha and Utkal with capital at Vijaya-kaṭaka (present Cuttack). Labourers of iron mines were called Muṇḍā which is tribal title. Local branch of Atharva-veda here was called Muṇḍaka whose upaniṣad survives. Brāhmaṇas of that branch have Muṇḍa title. At least 50 grants by Mauryas are published in Orissa Inscriptions in 5 volumes by Odisha museum. Most are with dates in an era starting with Vijaya Samvasara of Janamejaya. Digvijaya-śāsana of Janamejayagives date by al, 5 methods of Indian calendar and is of 27-11-3014 BC when a solar eclipse had occurred. The same format of grants was adopted by Pāṇḍu-vamśī kings who have used Vijaya samvatsara starting from 3013 BC. Digvijaya-śāsana and 4 grants of Janamejaya were published in Mysore Antiquary in January 1900 with accurate dates, but by British manipulation, date of 27-11-3014 BC was changed to 1526 AD-an error of 4540 years. In Odisha history, Pāṇḍu-vamśī kings have been described in period of Harṣavardhan (605-647 AD) when he himself was king of Odisha also and had performed ratha-yātrā in 635 and 642 AD described by Huensang. In same period 3 more kingdoms have been stated-Ganga or Choḍa-GangaMāṭharSarabhapuriyā.

All grants by Janamejaya and his descendants use the following verses-
आदित्यचन्द्रावनिलोऽनलश्च द्यौर्भूमिरापो हृदयं यमश्च ।
अहश्च रात्रिश्च उभे च सन्ध्ये धर्मश्च जानाति नरस्य वृत्तं ॥२॥
दानपालनयोर्मध्ये दानाच्छ्रेयोऽनुपालनं ।  दानात्स्वर्गमवाप्नोति पालनाद्विगुणंफलं ॥
स्वदत्ताद् द्विगुणं पुण्यं परदत्तानुपालने । परदत्तापहारेण स्वदत्तं निष्फलं भवेत् ॥
मद्दत्ता पुत्रिका ज्ञेया पितृदत्ता सहोदरी । अन्यदत्ता तु जननी दत्तभूमिं परित्यजेत् ॥
अन्यैस्तु छर्दितं छद्वे श्वभिश्च छर्दितं न तु । ततः कष्टो ततो नीचः स्वदत्तापहारकः ॥
स्वदत्तां परदत्तां वा ब्रह्मवृत्तिं हरेत यः । षष्टिवर्षसहस्राणि विष्टायां जायते कृमिः ॥

There are 10 witnesses to grant-sun, moon, fire, wind, sky, earth, water, heart, Yama, day, night, both Sandhyā (morning, evening), Dharma. Honouring grant is more important than giving it. One who usurps grant is born as insect in excreta.

Kedarnath grant of Janamejaya still survives given on occasion of solar eclipse at Puri on 27-11-3014 BC as repentance of mass killing in Naga-kingdom (remains are Harappa = heap of bones, Moin-jo-Daro = place of dead). This was published in January 1900 in Mysore Antiquary.

Salient lines are- स्वस्तिश्री जयाभ्युदये युधिष्ठिरशके प्लवङ्गाख्ये एकोननवतितम (८९) वत्सरे सहसिमासि अमावास्यायां सोमवासरे श्रीमन्महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वर वैयाघ्रपादगोत्रज श्रीजनमेजयभूपो इन्द्रप्रस्थ नगरीसिंहासनस्थः सकलवर्णाश्रमधर्मप्रतिपालको उत्तरहिमालये श्रीकेदारक्षेत्रं तत्रत्य मुनयः उषामठस्य श्रीगोस्वामि आनन्दलिंग जंगमाय श्रीमच्छिष्यज्ञानलिंगजंगमद्वाराराधित श्रीकेदारनाथस्य पूजार्थं दत्तवन्तः चतुःसीमा परिमिति क्रमः॥ पूर्वभागे दक्षिणवाहिनी मन्दाकिनी । पश्चिम दक्षिणभागे क्षीरगङ्गा उत्तर पश्चिमे मधुगङ्गा, पूर्वोत्तरभागे स्वर्गद्वारनदी, दक्षिणे सरस्वती, मन्दाकिन्योः संगमः, एतन्मध्ये श्रीकेदारक्षेत्रं भवच्छिष्यपरम्परया चन्द्रार्कपर्यन्तं निधि निक्षेप जल पाषाणा गामि सिद्ध साध्य तेजः स्वाम्य सहितं स्वबुद्ध्याऽनुकूल्येनाऽ स्मन्मातृपितृणां शिवलोक प्राप्त्यर्थं श्रीकेदार सन्निधौ उपराग समये सहिरण्य मन्दाकिनी जलधारा पूर्वकं क्षेत्रमिदं हस्ते दत्तवानस्मि ।

Digvijaya (victory) śāsana gives place names of Odisha, Kaṭaka, kacchhapuṭ (Koraput?), Racchapuṭ, Kongaḍa. It calls king of Utkala as Aśvapati, Kalinga king as Gajapati. Gajapati title still survives. Janamejaya has called his Gotra as Vyāghrapada whose descendants are called Baghel now in Odisha.

स्वस्ति समस्त भुवनाश्रय श्रीपृथ्वीधरवल्लभ महाराजाधिराज राजपरमेश्वर परमभट्टारक हस्तिनापुर वराधीर आरोहक मगदन्त रिपुरायकान्वादान्त वैरि-वैधव्य पाण्डव-कुल-कमल-मार्त्तण्ड कदनप्रचण्ड कलिंग-कोदण्ड मार्त्तण्ड एकावीर रणरङ्गधीर अश्वपतिराय दिक्पति-राजपति-राय-संहारक नरपतिराय दिक्पति-गजपति-राय-संहारक मस्तक तलत्र हरि सामन्त मृग चामूर कोङ्गण चातुर्दिग भय रच्छपुट काच्छपुट ई वरमुख कमल-विनिर्गत-ब्रह्मवीणादि भरतशास्त्र प्रसिद्ध अनेकास्त्र प्रवीण कोरण्ड व्यालि नागार्जुनादि मन्त्र-त्रय-शुद्ध प्रसिद्ध समुदाय नमित पादारविन्द अरिराय कुल-विलय कालानल नीति आकार पराशङ्खना-पुत्र सुवर्ण-वराह-लाञ्छन ध्वज । श्री सोमवंशोद्भव परीक्षित चक्रवर्ती तत्पुत्र जनमेजय चक्रवर्ती हस्तिनापुरे सुखङ्गदा विनोदेन दक्षिण दिग्वलया दिग्विजय यात्रेय तुङ्गभद्रा-हरिद्रा सङ्गमे श्री हरिहरदेव सन्निधौ कटकं उत्कलित चैत्रमासे कृष्णपक्ष सोमदिने भरणी महानक्षत्रे संक्रान्ति व्यतीपात निर्मित समये सर्पयागं करोमि।

At least 3 grants by his descendants use Vijaya samvatsara (after Digvijaya in 3014 BC). The inscription numbers are as given in Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol. IVby Sri Stayanarayan Rajaguru-Orissa State Museum, 1966-

(16) Grant of year 3 of Mahābhavagupta rule from central capital of Suvarṇapur- ॐ स्वस्ति सुवर्ण्णपुर समावासितः श्रीमते विजयस्कन्दाभारात् परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वर श्री शिवगुप्तदेव पादानुध्यात परम माहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति श्री महाभवगुप्तराजदेवः —- श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य विजयराज्ये सम्वत्सरे तृतीये श्रावण सुदि ५ लिखितमिदं शासनं महासान्धिविग्रहप्रतिबद्धकायस्थ कोईघोषेण वल्लघोष सुतेन सङ्ग्रामेन उत्कीरितं शासनमिति रयण ओझा सुतेन मङ्गल महाश्रीः॥

(17) Grant of Mura-sīma-pattana in year 6 of Mahābhavagupta- ॐ स्वस्त्यमलमणि कुट्टिम सदन चलदनेक वरवार विलासिनी-जन चरण नूपुर-रव-त्रस्त पारावत-स्वन वधिरित दश दिशो नाना दिग्देशान्तरादागत बन्दि वृन्द विस्तारित कीर्त्तिर्व्विविध विद्यालङ्कृत विद्वज्जनजनित विदग्धकाव्यालापस्तुतधनपति विभवस्पर्द्धित विपणिजनपरस्य संहर्षरचित विचित्रप्रासादाट्टालिका विहाररामदेवकुलोद्यान वापीकूप तड़ागोपनिर्ज्जित सुरसदनमहिम्नः श्रीमतो मूरसीमपत्तनवरात्॥ —-श्री शिवगुप्त पादानुध्यात परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज सोमकुलतिलक त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति परमेश्वर श्री महाराज भवगुप्त देवः —- श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य विजयराज्ये सम्वत्सरे षष्ठे फाल्गुनमास द्वितीयपक्षतिथौ प्रतिपदि यत्राङ्कतोऽपि सम्वत् ६ फाल्गुन सुदी १ लिखितमिदं शासनं महासान्धिविग्रह श्रीमल्लदत्त श्रीधारदत्त सुत प्रतिबद्ध कायस्थ कोई घोषेण् वल्लभघोष सुतेन। उत्कीर्ण्णं सुवर्ण्णकार वापुकेन शावदेवसुतेन।

(25) Copper plate grant of 34 Vijaya Samvat by Mahābhavagupta- ॐ स्वस्ति श्री सुवर्ण्णपुर समावासित श्रीमद् विजयकटकात्।  परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज श्री शिवगुप्तदेव पादानुध्यात परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति श्री महाभवगुप्तराजदेवः—— परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य प्रवर्द्धमाने विजये राज्ये सम्वत्सरे चतुस्त्रिंशत्तमे आश्विन बदी अष्टम्याम् तिथौ सम्वत् ३४ आश्विन बदी ८ लिखितमिदं ताम्र शासनं महासान्धिविग्रहिक राणक श्रीधारदत्त स्याभिमतेन। श्री ईयोकेन श्रीयपसुतेन उत्कीर्ण्णम्।

Featured image courtesy: Wikipedia and Hamara Hindustan.

Arun Upadhyay

Arun Upadhyay is a retired IPS officer. He is the author of 10 books and 80 research papers.

The Real Kattappa of Indian History

The Real Kattappa of Indian History; Loyalty Personified

The movie Baahubali was a grand success and almost everybody is familiar with the characters of this magnum opus. Kattappa is portrayed in the movie as a man who is fiercely loyal to the royal throne of Mahishmati and will do anything to preserve  it and protect it. Kattappa is an embodiment of the fiercest bravery, valor and loyalty.

In real life, such a selfless man as Kattappa is very hard to find. But are you aware, that in Indian history there was a man who had all the qualities of Kattappa? He was a fierce warrior, a very able strategist and loyal to the extent that he spent all his life saving the royal family he served and kept it safe when it was in grave danger of becoming extinct or converted to another faith. This man never assumed power although he was revered even more than the king.

This man was Durgadas Rathore who protected and served the royal family of Jodhpur and kept the Marwar flag flying high when it was in dire straits. He is the real Kattappa of Indian History!

Durgadas was born in a smaller noble family of Jodhpur on 13 August 1638. His father Askaran Rathore was a minister in the royal court of Jodhpur, the then capital of Marwar. Jaswant Singh was the Maharaja of Marwar. Durgadas had shown his valor and courage in many battles. He was in the good books of the Maharaja. By this time, Marwar had accepted the sovereignty​ of the Mughals and Jaswant Singh was made the prime commander of the Mughal army of Aurangzeb. Jaswant Singh was sent by Aurangzeb to quell the revolt of the Afghans in Kabul, Afghanistan. Here, he breathed his last in 1678 near Peshawar. At the time of his death, two of his queens were pregnant.

Aurangzeb was a clever fox who never lost a minute in annexing a state in such situations. He declared Marwar as a jagir of Mughal empire and installed Indra Singh Rathore, a nephew of Jaswant Singh as its ruler. Aurangzeb personally moved from Delhi to Ajmer to oversee the operation.

Both the pregnant queens of Jaswant Singh gave birth to sons. Now to quell any dispute, Aurangzeb ordered Rathores to send both the queens and sons of Jaswant Singh to Delhi. He assured that he would take care of them and would allot a jagir to the elder of the two. The elder son of Jaswant Singh was named Ajit Singh. Pretty soon, the younger brother of Ajit Singh died leaving him as the sole heir of Marwar. Rathores had to reluctantly obey the Mughals as Marwar was under control of Aurangzeb’s stooge Indra Singh. Both the queens and infant were brought to Delhi and kept at the Rathore mansion in Shahjanabad (Old Delhi).

Prominent Rathore leaders and noblemen of Jodhpur went in a delegation led by Durgadas Rathore to plead for Ajit Singh to be named as the royal heir and Maharaja of Marwar. Aurangzeb repeated his promise of giving a jagir to Ajit Singh with the title of Raja when he attained age. The Rajput nobles persisted their demand of giving the throne of Marwar to Ajit Singh. Now Aurangzeb put forth his next cunning move; he promised he would give the throne of Marwar to Ajit Singh only if he converted to Islam and raised as a proper Muslim in his harem.

The Rathores under Durgadas saw through the ploy and retired to their mansion seeking time to think. It was 25th June 1679. Durgadas decided to take both the queens and the child to Jodhpur even at the risk of their lives. A servant girl was left at the mansion with her child disguised as Ajit Singh. Both the queens disguised in male attire and the delegation moved out on the treacherous way to Jodhpur from Delhi. Aurangzeb was quick to react and sent his soldiers to capture Durgadas and party.

Durgadas quickly took control of the situation and used gunfire to stop them dead in their tracks. With this obstacle removed, the small band of Rathores started on their perilous journey towards Jodhpur. The Mughals were not so easily giving up on them and they soon started following them at a breakneck speed. Durgadas was in a dilemma as the Mughals were fast catching up on them. Now he had to think fast and act fast. As they were moving towards Jodhpur, Rathores under him devised a scheme to slow down the progress of Mughals chasing them. Few of them stopped and laid an ambush. The Mughals arrived and had to fight their way through this very small party of Rathores. The Rajputs were outnumbered hugely, but this gave the much needed extra time to the fleeing party ahead of them.

The Mughals kept pursuing them; after few miles, the Rathores again followed the same scheme and some of them again sacrificed their lives to keep the heir alive. Several repetitions of this scheme until the party comprised only of Durgadas, infant Ajit Singh, the queens and three other Rathore nobles. They reached Balunda; here one of the families of the nobles gave shelter to the queens and Ajit Singh at the same time pledging to protect them even at the peril of their lives. Durgadas and the others vanished into the Aravalis to carry on their struggle of placing Ajit Singh on throne.

A furious Aurangzeb, facing failure, decided to teach the Rathores of Jodhpur a lesson. He captured the boy left behind at the mansion in Shahjanabad and claimed that he had caught Ajit Singh. He converted the boy to Islam. This was done in order to fool people of Marwar that the real Ajit Singh was an impostor.

Aurangzeb ordered his son Muhammad Akbar to  occupy Marwar so as to fully integrate it into the Mughal dominion. Akbar moved on to Marwar, commanding a considerable army. Ajit Singh’s mother was a Sisodia and from the royal family of Mewar. Through her coercion, Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar decided to help the Rathores. But the combined army of Rathores and Sisodiyas was greatly outnumbered by the Mughal forces. They faced defeat in the open battle field and was forced to retreat to the Aravalis. Durgadas was the leader of Rathore faction. Maharana Raj Singh withdrew his Mewar army towards his own province as he feared a direct assault by Mughals on his kingdom. But, he continued to support the Rathores by actively engaging in guerilla warfare by looting Mughal camps and attacking and disrupting their supply lines. Durgadas Rathore and his followers too continued to do the same.

Aurangzeb was fed up of this and imposed jaziya tax on Marwar. He devastated numerous Hindu temples and shrines. For 20 years, Marwar remained under direct Mughal occupation. Meanwhile, Ajit Singh was sent by Durgadas to Sirohi, a remote town on the borders of present Gujarat and Rajasthan. Here he continued to live without Mughal harassment. Durgadas himself trained the prince on the art of warfare. They waited for the right time to take back the throne of Marwar. Kattappa of Mahishmati did the same to save prince Baahubali.

The Mughal empire was severely affected by the Rathores’ guerilla tactics. Durgadas attacked treasuries and looted the Mughals and did not let them rest. It was a time when the Mughals were also being threatened by the Marathas in the Deccan. Aurangzeb decided to send his sons Azam and Muazzam to support Akbar and bring Rathores to their knees. Durgadas was quick to understand the gravity of the situation. He secretly started parleys with Muhammad Akbar and incited him to revolt against his father. He promised him full help in his endeavor to become the Mughal emperor. Akbar was told that policies of Aurangzeb were actually harming the Mughal empire by eroding its support. Akbar on the behest of Durgadas, declared himself emperor in an open rebellion.

Aurangzeb was a wily character; he devised a scheme so as to create discord between Akbar and his Rajput allies. He was successful in this and Akbar had to run away. Akbar later was able to convince Durgadas that the rift caused among them was a scheme of his father Aurangzeb and Durgadas again started supporting him fully. As Rajput forces were not enough to install him as emperor, Durgadas took him to Deccan to meet Sambhaji, the Maratha king. Akbar lived there for many years hoping for Maratha aid. His two children, a son and a daughter were under Durgadas’s care who in spite of the schemes and treacheries of the Mughals arranged for their education and raised them as Musalmans. He could have easily converted them to Hinduism but such was the greatness of Durgadas that he did not do so.

Akbar later fled to Persia to garner support for himself but died soon after. After Akbar’s death, a peace treaty ensued between Rathores and Aurangzeb. The children of Akbar were handed back to the old emperor who was amazed to find them to be raised in proper Islamic way.

Soon after, Aurangzeb died. This gave perfect opportunity to Durgadas to capture Jodhpur and whole of Marwar. He succeeded! He installed Ajit Singh as the Maharaja of Marwar thus fulfilling his duty and promise as custodian of the Rathore royal family.

Durgadas then left Jodhpur and lived in Sadri, Udaipur, Rampura, Bhanpura for some time and then left for Ujjain to worship Mahakaal. On 22 November 1718, on the banks of the Shipra at Ujjain, Durgadas finally breathed his last at the age of 81 years. His canopy in red sandstone is still at the Chakratirtha, Ujjain, which is a pilgrimage for all those who like the virtues of loyalty and bravery.


So, this was the real Kattappa of Indian history of whom we all never read in our history books. This again brings us to this question as to why such personalities are left out?

Yogaditya Singh Rawal

National level competitive bodybuilder, Mr. India 2016 (Federation Cup Bodybuilding), Certified Fitness Trainer (ISSA-USA), Performance Nutrition Consultant, Diet Consultant, Writer, and Practitioner of Ancient Indian Battlefield Art 'Sanatan Shastra Vidya'. He runs a gym (Total Training Terminal) in East Delhi.

Indian victories not told by historians

Victories of Indian Warriors against Islamic Invaders that History Books Ignored
By 

Manoshi Sinha is a writer, poet, certified astrologer, avid traveler, and author of 7 books including 'The Eighth Avatar', and 'Blue Vanquisher' - Krishn Trilogy 1 and 2 that delve on Krishn beyond myth

Islamic invaders ruled only parts of India, not India as our history books tell us. Indian rulers did offer stiff resistance to invaders. They fought until their last breath. There are hundreds of valorous victories by our ancestors from the east to west, north to south from 8th century to 18th century – the period of Islamic invasion, plunder, and rule. But these glorious stories are kept hidden. Rather we are taught more about glories of invaders. Many regions could not be touched by Mughals or other Islamic plunderers given the military strength of the respective rulers.
Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born political leader and social activist, has rightly said, “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.” In the true sense of the term, we are a tree without roots. Because we are denied knowledge of our true history. Robert Heinlein, an American author wrote, “A generation which ignores history has no past and no future.” We are a generation that have ignored history in the true sense.

The fighting spirit in Indian warriors started declining after the concept of non-violence gained momentum. Most Indian kings and their subjects lost interest in warfare. Generation after generation, the courage, fearlessness, and valor which otherwise were the key attributes of warriors and soldiers, started to decline. Few Indian rulers gave little importance in maintaining a robust army or upgradation of military infrastructure. Hence, they were taken unawares when Islamic invaders attacked their kingdoms. They could not offer any stiff resistance. Though Bharat was advanced in every field these rulers could not save their respective kingdoms from being looted and plundered by Islamic invaders. They couldn’t save their men from being butchered and women taken away as sex slaves. They couldn’t they save the hundreds and thousands of heritage temples, ancestral buildings and universities from being destroyed by the Islamic plunderers. The concept of non-violence weakened and destroyed the warrior spirit in many an Indian kingdom, which led to their destruction.

But not all kingdoms followed this concept of non-violence. Those rulers who kept a ready army and upgraded their military infrastructure survived the attacks. They offered a stiff resistance. But all of these sagas of valor and victory are not highlighted in our history books. Let us delve on few of our glories.

Lalitaditya Muktapida was the ruler of Kashmir when Junaid, the Arab governor of Sindh, attacked Kashmir following the orders of Caliph Hisham in the 8th century. The Kashmir king defeated Junaid and thus the Arab attempt of plundering Kashmir failed. Lalitaditya Muktapida also subjugated the Turks by attacking their territories. Raja Samgramaraja of Kashmir in the 11th century repulsed several attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni. Plunderer Mahmud could never defeat the Kashmiri king! Besides, Raja Samgramaraja also helped Trilochanpala, the Hindu Sahi ruler of Kabul, with an army against Mahmud of Ghazni. The combined army defeated Sultan Mahmud.

One of the biggest alliances of Indian rulers was witnessed when the Arabs attacked and ransacked cities up to Ujjain before the mid 8th century.  The battle was fought between the Arab forces led by Emir Junaid and and an alliance of Indian dynasties led by Gurjar Pratihar king Nagbhat I. The Indian alliance comprised of Gurjar Pratihars, Chalukyas, Rashtrakuta, Guhil, etc. A series of battles was fought between Arabs and Hindus. The final battle was fought in 738 AD in the borders of Rajasthan. The Arabs faced a crushing defeat. After this Muslim plunderers did not think of attacking India for several years, in fact, for more than a century!


Do you know Ghori first attacked the Gujarat region? Gujarat was then ruled by the Chalukya Solanki Rajputs. Naiki Devi was then the Queen Regent; the ruler Mularaja II was a minor. Ghori was badly defeated in the battle that took place in 1178. Firishta, a Persian historian from the 16th century mentions how the ruler of Gujarat defeated the Muslim army “with great slaughter”. Mohammad Ghori was so badly defeated in this expedition that he did not think about attacking India until 1191! Never again did he attack Gujarat in his life!

Assam king Prithu defeated Bakhtiyar Khilji (the plunderer who burnt Nalanda University) in 1206 AD. Prithu badly wounded Khilji and made him bedridden. Ahoms stationed a strong force to counter attacks. The Ahoms defeated the Islamic invaders several times. In 1527 A.D., Rukunuddin Rukun Khan, the general of Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah, the Sultan of Bengal invaded Kamrupa only to be defeated by the Ahoms. Viswa Singha was then the Ahom king of Kamrupa.  Hearing about the defeat of Rukun Khan, the Sultan dispatched his general Mit Manik with an army of one thousand horsemen and ten thousand foot soldiers. In this battle, the Ahoms won. Mit Manik was taken prisoner while Rukun Khan fled from the battlefield.  The Ahoms captured a large booty including some fire arms. And who isn’t familiar with Ahom general Lachit Borphukan who defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671!

Who doesn’t know about Taimur Lang, one of the most barbaric of Islamic invaders who massacred lakhs of Hindus, razed temples to the ground, and looted wealth of temples and civilians! All of this happened on his way from across the Indus River covering Attock towards Delhi. Do you know Taimur could not succeed in plundering India during his return expedition?  Around 80,000 men from different communities, ranging from Jats, Gurjars, Rajputs, Brahmins to Ahirs, Valmikis, and hill tribes were part of the troop that attacked Taimur and slaughtered a major portion of his army. Meerut, Haridwar and neighboring areas were saved from being looted and plundered by Taimur. It was Devpala, a Jat who held a Mahapanchayat and made this possible. Mahabali Jograj Singh Gurjar was the Supreme General while 20-year old Rampyari Gurjar was the General of 40,000 women warriors. Together, the men and women warriors wreaked havoc on Taimur in Meerut and Haridwar in 1398, forcing him to flee India.

Mughal army sent by Shah Jahan in 1640 to attack Garhwal failed in the expedition. Rani Karnavati badly defeated them. She also cut the noses of the surviving Mughal soldiers due to which she was called Naak Kati Rani. Her cruel and merciless stance frightened the Mughals and they could never win Garhwal.

Likewise, Rani Bhavashankari, Akbar’s contemporary, made it compulsory to recruit a soldier from every family. She was the ruler of Bhurishhrestha of Bengal. She stationed forces at the border and well maintained her army. She defeated the Pathan Sultan thrice. Even Akbar did not interfere in her sovereignty.

Narasimhadeva from Orissa built the Konark temple after his victory against Islamic rulers. He attacked the Bengal Sultanate’s territories before the Sultan could attack him. During battle, he played one tactic played by the Islamic invaders and he won. It was 1248 AD.

Kapaya Nayaka, a Musunri Nayaka, in the South drove the Tughlaqs out of the Warrangal (then Telangana) territory in 1336 and re-established Hindu supremacy. He could do this with the help of 75 subordinate Nayakas; another best example of unity against a common foreign enemy. He also helped other South Indian kingdoms regain back their kingdoms from the Islamic invaders.

Raja Ganesha, a direct descendant of the Deva dynasty of Bengal, recaptured the throne of Bengal from Islamic rulers in 1414. He establish his superiority and Hindu dominion in a region dominated by the Muslims for over 200 years. According to the book Riyaz-us-Salatin, a chronicle written in Persian language by Ghulam Husain Salim Zaidpuri on the complete history of the Muslim rule in Bengal, nobleman Ganesha killed Shihabuddin and seized the throne. In alliance with another Hindu king Sivasimha of Mithila, Ganesha defeated Ibrahim Shah, a neighboring Sultan.

Prataprao Gurjar, the Maratha Senapati and Morapant Pingle, the first Peshwa led the Maratha army of 20,000 soldiers against Mughals numbering 40,000 at Battle of Salher, Nashik 1672. Though the Marathas were less superior to the Mughals in terms of weaponry and war animals yet in this fierce battle, the Marathas emerged victorious! This battle saw the Mughals decimated for the first time in an open battle! But is there any mention of this victorious battle in our history books?

Tarabai Bhosale (daughter-in-law of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj), who ruled the Maratha Empire from 1700 until 1708, herself led her army into the battlefield and successfully fought against Mughal forces. According to Jadunath Sarkar, a prominent Bengali historian, it was because of the administrative genius and strength of Tarabai that the Maratha Empire survived the awful crisis from 1700 to 1707 – when Mughals tried their best to occupy Maratha territories, but in vain. She valorously defended her territories.

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, General of Guru Gobind Singh’s Khalsa army at the age of 38, led five battles to victory against Mughal and other Islamic forces. This included three battles in 1709 in Sonepat, Samana, and Sadhaura and two battles in 1710 at Chappar Chiri and Rahon. Following victory in Chappar Chiri battle, Banda Singh established his rule in Punjab. By 1710 Banda Singh Bahadur captured almost entire Punjab in the east of Lahore and put an end to Islamic rule in this region.

Rani Chennamma of Keladi fought against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s forces. The battle took place because Chennamma gave shelter to Rajaram Raje Bhonsle, younger son of Chhatrapati Shivaji and facilitated his escape to Jinji Fort. It was the enemy Mughal forces who withdrew in this battle, sensing defeat and begged for a treaty. It was for the first time that the Mughals proposed peace accord with an Indian ruler! She also defeated the Sultan of Bijapur.

Pazhassi Raja, who became the prince regent of the princely state of Kottayam of Malabar at a young age of 21 in 1774 bravely resisted Hyder Ali’s troops using guerrilla warfare techniques. He set up a number of guerrilla bases in the forested mountains of Puralimala and Wayanad, which he and his men were well familiar of. And they started attacking Hyder Ali’s troops in small groups at short intervals. This resulted in casualties in the Mysore army with every attack until Mysore troops reduced to a considerable extent. Hyder Ali entered into alliance with two neighboring chiefs to collectively crush Pazhassi Raja, but in vain. He could never defeat Pazhassi Raja. In later years, he also resisted Tipu Sultan’s troops.

There are countless more examples of victory by Indian warriors against Islamic invaders and rulers, but these are not shown in our history books. Islamic rulers ruled only a part of India not whole but we are made to read they ruled India.

Yes, Islamic invaders and plunderers could also loot and plunder few kingdoms because Bharatiya rulers strictly followed rules of Dharma in warfare. They avoided fighting with an opponent already engaged in a fight with another. They avoided stabbing from behind or hitting below the navel. They took care of the injured at the end of the day. They considered women, prisoners of war, and farmers as sacred. They never pillaged the land or destroyed standing structures in enemy lands. They were merciful if enemies asked for pardon. Battlefield exploits took place only during daytime. This was followed since time immemorial.

History is full of such examples of Dharma followed by Indian Hindu kings. Prithviraj Chauhan pardoned Mohammad Ghori when he asked for pardon though the latter attacked him several times. At one instance Prithviraj saw Ghori fleeing from the battlefield but he did not attack the running enemy. On the final (16th according to few sources) attack, Ghori defeated Prithviraj. Did Ghori pardon Prithviraj? No! He raped the king’s wife Sanyogita in front of him several times and took him prisoner to Ghor where he tortured him to death. Ghori plundered Delhi, slaughtered to death soldiers and civilians, took women as sex slaves, destroyed temples, and the list of atrocities is endless. Had Prithviraj killed Ghori, history would have been different. King Prithu of Assam badly defeated Bhaktiyar Khilji in 1206 AD, but he allowed the Muslim prisoners of war to settle in his kingdom when they sought pardon. That was how Muslim settlement in Assam started. Hindu kings never defied rules of Dharma.

But Islamic invaders and plunderers did the opposite of these very rules of Dharma followed by Hindu kings in warfare. They followed the tactics of treachery, deception and cruelty. They plundered kingdoms, pillaged land, killed the weak and innocent, raped women and took them as slaves, stabbed warriors from behind, destroyed standing structures and temples, and what not! Converting the defeated people to Islam was one of their key strategies. Akbar, deemed ‘the GREAT’ ordered the slaughter of around 40,000 unarmed old men, women and children of Chittorgarh after he captured it on 23 February 1568 as per accounts by Abul Fazl and Badauni, Muslim historians. Rajput women started committing Jauhar only to save themselves from disgrace at the hands of Muslim invaders.

In 1226, Raja Bir Singh of Birsinghpur in Bengal defeated the Turks led by Giasuddin Iwaz Khilji. Facing defeat, the Turks hatched a plan of treachery. To easily subjugate the Hindu army of Raja Bir Singh, Giasuddin Iwaz Khilji used cattle in the battlefield. Each horn of the cows was wrapped with a piece of cloth soaked in flamable liquid. The horns were lit up when the battle was about to begin. The Muslim army followed the cattle that ran berserk towards the Hindu army. As cows were sacred to the Hindus, the Hindu army did not give resistance. Giving a resistance would harm the cows. Using this trick of treachery, Khilji won the second battle.

Afzhal Khan, the ablest of commanders of the Adilshahi army of the Bijapur Sultanate deceived negotiators during meetings. In 1639, he treacherously murdered Kasturi Ranga, the king of Sera, a small South Indian kingdom, during a meeting. Shivaji went to meet Afzhal Khan after equipping himself with weapons hidden from view. Because he knew Afzhal Khan might secretly attack him. In the meeting, Afzhal Khan applied his treacherous tactics and secretly attacked Shivaji during an embrace. Shivaji immediately reciprocated, disemboweling him with the wagh nakh and stabbing him with the bichu. A combat followed. Sambhaji Kavji, Shivaji’s bodyguard killed the heavily injured Afzhal Khan.

A few months before Shivaji’s coronation in 1674, the Sultan of Bijapur Adil Shah sent his general Bahalol Khan with a huge army to attack Maratha territory.  The Marathas under Prataprao Gurjar defeated the Bijapuri forces and took Bahalol Khan captive and seized their war material. Shivaji had warned all of his Senapatis and the Sardars to never trust enemies and never let them go free. When Bahalol Khan repeatedly begged Prataprao for pardon and promised never to attack Maratha territory again, Prataprao Gurjar released Bahalol Khan, his troops including the seized war material. Did Bahalol Khan keep his promise? No! Prataprao Gurjar followed rules of Dharma but the Muslim army did not. Bahalol Khan marched towards Maratha territory with a fresh force of 15000 soldiers. As Khan camped unawares, Prataprao Gurjar could not arrange a big army. He had only 1200 soldiers. Ultimately he attained martyrdom at the hands of Bahalol Khan. Later the Marathas defeated Bahalol Khan in the following battle. These are only few examples of how Muslim rulers and generals deceived Hindu warriors.

Moreover, there were internal conflicts between rulers (lack of unity) and even internal conflicts within a kingdom for the throne. Then there were traitors who sided with the foreigners. All of these resulted in subjugation of many Indian kingdoms at the hands of the plunderers and looters, who were merciless and barbaric. And a similar situation still exists. And there is no dearth of traitors even today!

After Islamic invasion and rule, British, like termites damaged our cultural and educational heritage and infused the inferiority and mental slavery syndrome in Indian brains. They drained away our resources and turned India into a poor nation, economically, culturally, and socially. Lakhs of freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for the freedom we enjoy today yet this freedom is attributed to one namesake leader.

Our education syllabus, especially pertaining to History, has been designed in such a manner that we are bound to suffer from the inferiority complex syndrome. These questions will always arise in our minds – Were we always defeated? Why did our ancestors not offer any resistance? Why were we always so easily looted and plundered? These questions are bound to drift us from our rich cultural roots and ancestry, from our historicity and traditions, from our belongingness to the nation.

It is time we know our true historical roots. Jai Hind!

Featured image courtesy: Rohan Bendre and Quora.

Key Ref
Saffron Swords, Manoshi Sinha.

Sunday, November 4, 2018

क्या क्षत्रिय मांसाहार करते थे ????


"क्या क्षत्रिय मांसाहार करते थे ????"
आज मांसाहारी मांस सेवन को सही और युक्तियुक्त ठहराने के लिए प्रमाणहीन तर्क देते हैं । क्षत्रिय कभी मांसाहारी नहीं थे वास्तविक में परंतु मैकॉले शिक्षा में एवं वामपंथी इतिहास में क्षत्रियों को मांसाहारी ठहराने के लिए तर्क देते हैं महाराजा दशरथ की शिकार का तो इस कुतर्क का खंडन करते हुए आगे क्षत्रिय धर्म से भी अवगत करवाऊंगी ।
प्रथम शङ्का का खंडन
वाल्मीकि रामायण अयोध्याकांड के 64 वें अध्याय में कथा मिलती है। श्रीराम के वनगमन पर दुखी दशरथ अपनी मृत्यु से पहले रानी कौशल्या को यह कथा बताते हैं। इसके अनुसार दशरथ शब्द भेदी बाण चलाते थे यानी शब्द व ध्वनि सुनकर बाण चलाने में समर्थ थे।
एक दिन हिंसक पशु के आक्रमण के भ्रम में उन्होंने श्रवण कुमार जिनके माता-पिता वृद्ध और नेत्रहीन थे, उनपर बाण चला दिया था । तो इससे यह सिद्ध होता है कि महाराजा दशरथ जी ने किसी पशु के हत्या की मंशा से बाण नहीं चलाया था , और इन्ही महाराज दशरथजी के परदादा महाराज दिलीप ने गौ माताके प्राण बचाने के लिये , स्वयं को सिंह का भोजन बना दिया था , वो किसी अन्य जानवर को मारकर भी सिंहका पेट भर सकते थे ।
चंद्रवंशी राजपूत आनव कुल में पुरुवंशी नरेश शिबि उशीनगर देश के महाराजा की त्याग की गाथा सुनकर इंद्र और आग
शिबि की त्याग की भावना तात्कालिक और अस्थायी है या उनके स्वभाव का स्थायी गुण, इसकी परीक्षा करने के लिए इंद्र और अग्नि ने एक योजना बनायी। अग्नि ने एक कबूतरका रूप धारण किया और इन्द्र ने एक बाज का। कबूतर को अपना आहार बनाने के लिए बाज ने उसका शिकार करने के लिए पीछा किया। कबूतर तेजी से उड़ता हुआ राजा शिबि के चरणों में जा पड़ा और बोला- मेरी रक्षा कीजिए। शिबि ने उसे रक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। पीछे-पीछे बाज भी आ पहुंचा। उसने शिबि से कहा, महाराज! मैं इस कबूतर का पीछा करता आ रहा हूं और इसे अपना आहार बना कर अपनी भूख मिटाना चाहता हूं, यह मेरा भक्ष्य है। आप इसकी रक्षा न करें।
शिबि ने बाज से कहा, मैंने इस पक्षी को अभय प्रदान किया है। इसे कोई मारे यह मैं कभी सह नहीं सकता। तुम्हें अपनी भूख मिटाने के लिए मांस चाहिए, सो मैं तुम्हें अपने शरीर से इस कबूतर के वजन के बराबर मांस काटकर देता हूं। उन्होंने एक तराजू मंगवाई और उसके एक पलड़े में कबूतर को रख दिया। दूसरे पलड़े में महाराज शिबि अपने शरीर से मांस काटकर डालने लगे। काफी मांस काट डाला किंतु कबूतर वाला पलड़ा तनिक भी नहीं हिला और अंत में महाराज शिबि स्वयं उस पलड़े पर जा बैठे और बाज से बोले, मेरा पूरा शरीर तुम्हारे सामने है, आओ भोजन करो।
महाराज शिबि की त्याग बुद्धि को स्वीकार करते हुए अग्नि और इंद्र अपने स्वाभाविक रूप में प्रकट हुए और महाराज शिबि को भी उठा कर खड़ा कर दिया। उन्होंने शिबि की त्याग भावना की बड़ी प्रशंसा की, आशीर्वाद दिया और फिर चले गए।
निष्कर्ष तो यही निकलता है क्षत्रिय मांसाहारी नहीं थे क्योंकि उनके मुख में गंगा और कंठ में वेद होते थे और भुजाओं में महादेव विराजते थे सर कटने के बाद भी धर निरंतर युद्ध करता था ऐसे अशीर्वादित देह को किसी निर्दोष पशुओं का वक्षण कर भोजन कर के दुषित नहीं करना चाहते थे । अगर क्षत्रिय मांसाहारी होते तो खुद की बलि देकर हिंसक पशुओं का पेठ नही भरते दूसरे जानवर को बलि चढ़ा देते त्याग, दया और स्नेह विनम्रता किसी भी मांसाहारी व्यक्ति में ना के बराबर मिलेगी । क्षत्रिय अगर शिकार कर के पशुओं की मांस का भोजन करता था तो उन्हें गौ-ब्राह्मण प्रति पालक क्यों कहा गया ??? क्यों महाराजा दिलीप और शिबि ने अपनी मांस की जगह किसी अन्य पशु का शिकार करके मांस नहीं खिलाया ????
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बिजया” मंदिर बना “बीजामंडल” मस्जिद


“बिजया” मंदिर बना “बीजामंडल” मस्जिद
मूल नाम: बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर (हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित)
स्थान: विदिशा, मध्य प्रदेश
इस्लामिक अत्याचार के बाद परिवर्तित नाम: बीजा मंडल मस्जिद
मध्य प्रदेश की राजधानी भोपाल से लगभग ६० किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित है – विदिशा शहर। विदिशा अपनी बीजामंडल मस्जिद और उसके दिलचस्प इतिहास के लिए प्रसिध्द है।
इस्लामिक राज में भारतवर्ष के बहुत से अद्भुत वैभवशाली मंदिर विनष्ट कर मस्जिद में बदल दिए गए थे। हिन्दू मंदिरों को लूट-खसोट कर, उनकी संपत्ति हड़प कर, उसे तबाह करने के बाद उसी ढहाए हुए मंदिर के बचे हुए अवशेषों से वहां मस्जिद बना दी जाती थी। और इस तरह एक हिन्दू मंदिर मस्जिद में तब्दील कर दिया जाता था, बीजामंडल मस्जिद भी इसी का एक उदाहरण है।
आज अपना सारा वैभव खोकर खड़ा बीजामंडल मुग़ल और इस्लामिक लुटेरों के भीषण क्रूर अत्याचार की दर्दनाक कहानी कह रहा है।
बिजया मंदिर परमार राजाओं द्वारा बनवाया गया प्रतिष्ठा की देवी चर्चिका का मंदिर था। इस मंदिर को ध्वस्त कर उसी की तोड़ी गई सामग्री से वहां बीजामंडल मस्जिद बना दी गई।
वहां मौजूद एक स्तंभ पर मिले संस्कृत अभिलेख के अनुसार मूलतः यह मंदिर विजय दिलाने वाली देवी ‘विजया’ को अर्पित था, जिसे मालवा के राजा नरवर्मन ने बनवाया था। भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण (ASI) भी इसका स्पष्ट उल्लेख करता है।
बीजा या बिजया शब्द – देवी विजया रानी के नाम का ही बिगड़ा हुआ रूप है। इस तरह बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर एक हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित मंदिर था।
सन् १६५८-१७०७ में औरंगजेब की क्रूर निगाह इस पर पड़ी, जिसने अपना शिकार बनाते हुए इसे लूट-खसोट कर तहस-नहस कर दिया। उसने कीमती मूर्तियों को मंदिर के उत्तरी भाग में दबवा दिया और इसे एक मस्जिद में परिवर्तित कर दिया।
भले ही यह परिसर अब भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग द्वारा स्मारक के रूप में संरक्षित है लेकिन पिछले ३०० वर्षों से इसका इस्तेमाल खासतौर से ईद के मौके पर ईदगाह के रूप में और बड़ी महफिलों के लिए होता आ रहा है।
सन् १९९१ की एक तूफानी रात में इस मस्जिद के उत्तरी किनारे की दीवार भारी बारिश के कारण भहराकर गिर पड़ी। टूट कर उलट-पुलट हो चुकी इस दीवार ने बिजया मंदिर की ३०० वर्ष पुरानी दबी हुई समृद्धि को उजागर कर दिया। भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग भी यह स्वीकार करता है कि उनके द्वारा वहां खुदाई करवा कर कई तराशी हुई मूर्तियां, बहुमूल्य ख़जाना और प्रतिमाएं प्राप्त की गईं।
बीजामंडल मस्जिद की दिवारों और स्तंभों पर रामायण और महाभारत के अभिलेख खुदे हुए हैं। यह सभी प्रमाण लोगों के देखने के लिए वहां उपलब्ध हैं।
मुसलमानों को इस बात को समझना होगा कि कैसे उनके हिन्दू पूर्वजों (काफिरों) को और उनकी सांस्कृतिक धरोहरों को जबरन इस्लाम में परिवर्तित किया गया है। सांस्कृतिक धरोहर को वापस पाने की इस मुहीम में उन्हें हिन्दुओं के साथ आकर इसे और गति प्रदान करनी चाहिए।

©Copyright मनीषा सिंह बाईसा जगह मेवाड़ / मेड़ता , राजपुताना राजस्थान की कलम से : 

भारतवर्ष का प्राचीन नाम हिमवर्ष


पुराणों में बताया गया है कि प्रलयकाल के पश्चात् स्वायम्भुव मनु के ज्येष्ठ पुत्र प्रियव्रत ने रात्रि में भी प्रकाश रखने की इच्छा से ज्योतिर्मय रथ के द्वारा सात बार भूमण्डल की परिक्रमा की। परिक्रमा के दौरान रथ की लीक से जो सात मण्डलाकार गड्ढे बने, वे ही सप्तसिंधु हुए। फिर उनके अन्तर्वर्ती क्षेत्र सात महाद्वीप हुए जो क्रमशः जम्बूद्वीप, प्लक्षद्वीप, शाल्मलिद्वीप, कुशद्वीप, क्रौंचद्वीप, शाकद्वीप और पुष्करद्वीप कहलाए। ये द्वीप क्रमशः दुगुने बड़े होते गए हैं और उनमें जम्बूद्वीप सबके बीच में स्थित है-
‘जम्बूद्वीपः समस्तानामेतेषां मध्यसंस्थितः’
(ब्रह्ममहापुराण, 18.13)
प्रियव्रत के 10 पुत्रों में से 3 के विरक्त हो जाने के कारण शेष 7 पुत्र— आग्नीध्र, इध्मजिह्व, यज्ञबाहु, हिरण्यरेता, घृतपृष्ट, मेधातिथि और वीतिहोत्र क्रमशः जम्बूद्वीप, प्लक्षद्वीप, शाल्मलिद्वीप, कुशद्वीप, क्रौंचद्वीप, शाकद्वीप और पुष्करद्वीप के अधिपति हुए।
प्रियव्रत ने अपने पुत्र आग्नीध्र को जम्बूद्वीप दिया था-
‘जम्बूद्वीपं महाभाग साग्नीध्राय ददौ पिता’
मेधातिथेस्तथा प्रादात्प्लक्षद्वीपं तथापरम् ।।’
(विष्णुमहापुराण, 2.1.12)
जम्बूद्वीपाधिपति आग्नीध्र के 9 पुत्र हुए- नाभि, किंपुरुष, हरिवर्ष, इलावृत्त, रम्यक, हिरण्यमय, कुरु, भद्राश्व तथा केतुमाल। सम विभाग के लिए आग्नीध्र ने जम्बूद्वीप के 9 विभाग करके उन्हें अपने पुत्रों में बाँट दिया और उनके नाम पर ही उन विभागों के नामकरण हुए-
‘आग्नीध्रसुतास्तेमातुरनुग्रहादोत्पत्तिकेनेव संहननबलोपेताः पित्रा विभक्ता आत्म तुल्यनामानियथाभागं जम्बूद्वीपवर्षाणि बुभुजः’
(भागवतमहापुराण, 5.2.21; मार्कण्डेयमहापुराण, 53.31-35)
पिता (आग्नीध्र) ने दक्षिण की ओर का ‘हिमवर्ष’ (जिसे अब ‘भारतवर्ष’ कहते हैं) नाभि को दिया-
‘पिता दत्तं हिमाह्वं तु वर्षं नाभेस्तु दक्षिणम्’
(विष्णुमहापुराण, 2.1.18)
आठ विभागों के नाम तो ‘किंपुरुषवर्ष’, ‘हरिवर्ष’ आदि ही हुए, किंतु ज्येष्ठ पुत्र का भाग ‘नाभि’ से ‘अजनाभवर्ष’ हुआ।
जय एकलिंगजी ।। ✍️✍️
copyright मनीषा सिंह सूर्यवंशी की कलम से "

The Peshva kingdom of India


17वी से 18वी सती तक चित्पावन ब्राह्मणों की शौर्यपूर्ण पराक्रम एवं कूटनीतिज्ञता के बल पर संपूर्ण अटक , कटक से लेकर अफ़ग़ान , सिंध , रावी , बंगाल की खाड़ी तक पेशवाओं ने एकछत्र हिन्दू स्वराज्य की स्थापना किया पेशवा अर्थात प्रधानमंत्री क्षत्रिय राजा महाराजों ने प्रधानमंत्री के स्थान पर सदैव चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त किया क्योंकि प्रधानमंत्री (पेशवा) सबसे महत्वपूर्ण पद होता था जिसमे केवल चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त किया जाता था क्योंकि इस पद की विशेषता थी शास्त्र एवं शस्त्र दोनों से शत्रु एवं मित्र को उत्तर देना पहले के समय में भी इस पद पर ब्राह्मण को ही नियुक्त किया जाता था (अयाचक एवं याचक दोनों को) । क्षत्रिय और चित्पावन ब्राह्मण की एकत्रीकरण से तुर्क ,मुग़ल , निज़ाम, नवाब सबके पसीने छूट गए थे तभी तो क्षत्रिय राजा छत्रपति महाराजा शिवाजी के साम्राज्य का पेशवा श्रीमंत मोरोपंत त्र्यम्बंक पिंगले जी ने संपूर्ण दक्कन से लेकर सूरत तक केसरिया पताका फैराया था । शिवाजी महाराज के बाद उनके वंशज छत्रपति शाहूजी महाराज के शासन काल तक पेशवाओं ने संपूर्ण धरा को भगवामयी कर दिए थे एवं हिन्दवी स्वराज्य की स्थापना कर चुके थे । क्षत्रिय राजा सर्वोच्च पद सलाहकार के पद पर याचक ब्राह्मण को एवं प्रधानमंत्री के पद पर चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त करते थे ।
मोरोपन्त त्रयम्बक पिंगले (1620 – 1683), मराठा साम्राज्य के प्रथम पेशवा थे। उन्हें 'मोरोपन्त पेशवा' भी कहते हैं। वे छत्रपति शिवाजी के अष्टप्रधानों में से एक थे।
प्रारंभिक जीवन
मोरोपन्त त्रयम्बक पिंगले जी का जन्म 1620 निमगांव में देशस्थ ब्राह्मण परिवार में हुआ था।
पेशवा मोरोपंत जी ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के शासनकाल में राजस्व प्रणाली की शुरुआत की, और छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज पेशवा मोरोपंत की कुशल रणनीतिज्ञता से प्रशन्न होकर उन्हें रणनीति विशेषज्ञ एवं रक्षा सलाहकार के पद पर भी पेशवा मोरोपंत जी को नियुक्त कर दिया । पेशवा मोरोपंत उनके अष्ट प्रधान में से सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण एवं महाराज के निकटवर्ती थे पेशवा मोरोपंत जी महाराज छत्रपति शिवाजी ने उनके संरक्षण में किला , मंदिर एवं मठों का निर्माण, मरम्मत एवं देखरेख का दायित्व सौंप दिए थे इनसबके उपरांत संसाधन योजना बनाने का दायित्व भी पेशवा मोरोपंत जी के उपर था ।
मोरोपंत जी एक योद्धा एवं अभियंता के रूप में- पेशवा ने किला निर्माण कार्य एवं रणभूमि में योद्धाओं की भांति युद्ध करने जैसी अतिमहत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई,
यह कहना कतई गलत नहीं होगा कि पेशवा मोरोपंत जी एक कुशल वास्तुशिल्प अभियन्ता थे और इस बात का पता हमें इन संदर्भों से प्राप्त होता है कि छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज ने प्रतापगढ़ के निर्माण और प्रशासनिक कार्य की ज़िम्मेदारी पेशवा मोरोपंत को दिया था एवं छत्रपति शिवाजी की असमय देहत्याग करने पर मोरोपंत पिंगले नाल जिले में साल्हेर-मुल्हर किलों के विकास कार्य एवं निर्माण कार्य एवं किले का शिल्पकार करने का दायित्व पेशवा मोरोपंत को दिया गया था ,पेशवा मोरोपंत जी किले निर्माणकार्य में एक पर्यवेक्षक के रूप में काम कर रहे थे । अब उनका दूसरा एवं सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्वरूप जिनकी वजह से वो महाराज छत्रपति के सर्वाधिक प्रिय थे वो है एक योद्धा का स्वरूप वो युद्धकला में दक्षता प्राप्त किये थे पेशवा (अयाचक ब्राह्मण) केवल शास्त्र के नहीं शस्त्र के भी धनी थे ।
मोरोपंत जी द्वारा लड़ा गया प्रमुख युद्ध - पेशवा मोरोपंत जी के नेतृत्व में दो निर्णायक युद्ध लड़ा गया जिसके लिए उनको महाराजा छत्रपति शिवाजी ने उनको सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण स्थान पर नियुक्त किया ।त्रयम्बकेश्वर किला विजय अभियान एवं वानी-डिंडोरी का युद्ध सन 1670 ईसवी में लड़े जानेवाली ऐतिहासिक युद्ध था जिसमें मुग़ल सल्तनत की और से दाऊद ख़ाँ , इखलास ख़ाँ , मीर अब्दुल माबूद लड़ रहे थे। मुग़ल सल्तनत के प्रमुख सेनापति की तीन टुकड़ी बनी जिसमें त्रयम्बकेश्वर किले को मुग़ल के अधीनस्थ करने का दायित्व दाऊद ख़ाँ को मिला उसके नेतृत्व में 52,000 सैन्यबल था और दाऊद ख़ाँ के समक्ष थे श्री मोरोपंत पिंगले पेशवा , छत्रपति शिवाजी ने त्रयम्बकेश्वर किले पर हिन्दवी स्वराज्य का ध्वज फहराने का दायित्व पेशवा को दिया था। पेशवा के नेतृत्व में 1200 के संख्या में सैन्यबल था जिन्हें घात लगाकर युद्ध करने की पद्धति एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध पद्धत्ति में महारथ हासिल थी ।
पेशवा मोरोपंत पिंगले जी मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध कला के जनक - पेशवा मोरोपंत जी का मुख्य हथियार था मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध पद्धत्ति इसी युद्ध पद्धत्ति के बल पर उन्होंने दाऊद ख़ाँ को परास्त करके शिवाजी महाराज के हिन्दवी स्वराज्य के साम्राज्य में त्र्यम्बकेश्वर किले को सम्मिलित करने का कर्तव्य निभाया।
पेशवा मोरोपंत पिंगले जी को मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्धकला का जनकपिता माना जाता हैं ।
निष्कर्ष:- सिर्फ इतना ही नहीं बंगाल में प्रतिहार राजपूत राजाओं के साथ संयुक्त मोर्चा बनाकर पेशवा मोरोपंत जी ने बंगाल को अबीसीनिया के अरबी लूटेरों आक्रांताओं से मुक्त करवाया , महाराज सवाई जय सिंह के साथ संयुक्त मोर्चा कर पेशवा बाजी राव ने मुग़ल सल्तनत की साम्राज्य पर आखरी कील ठोका था। यह तो केवल एक झलक है पेशवाओं के वीरगाथा की ऐसे सैकड़ो सफल युद्ध अभियान कर पेशवाओं ने हिन्दू स्वराज्य की स्थापना में एवं धर्म रक्षा में अपना योगदान दिया था।
लेकिन आज के समय के हालात ये हैं कि वर्तमान सरकार के आँखों मे चुभ रहा है ब्राह्मण वर्ण यही नहीं कुछ लोगों ने चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को विदेशी भी बताना शुरू कर दिया है परंतु यह कथन "पेशवा की पेशवाई ना होता तो अटक- कटक से लेकर रावी-सिंध भगवामयी ना होता" उतना ही सत्य है जितना अंधेरे के बाद उजाले का होना । पेशवाओं को विदेशी बताने वाले लोगों और उन्हें लुटेरे की संज्ञा देने वाले कुछ इतिहासविदुरों से एक सवाल है कि पेशवाओं के साथ किसी आक्रमणकारी की व्यक्तिगतरूप से तो शत्रुता नहीं थी फ़िर क्यों पेशवाओं ने निरंतर युद्ध कर भारतवर्ष से आक्रमणकारियों को खदेड़ कर भारतवर्ष पर हिन्दू साम्राज्य का स्थापना किया आखिर किसके लिए खुद के लिए या सम्पूर्ण आर्यवर्त के लिए ???
आज की परिस्थिति ऐसी है कि महाराष्ट्र जो कि पेशवाओं की प्रमुख कर्मभूमि एवं जन्मभूमि रही है वहां कोरेगांव जयंती जैसी शर्मनाक कार्यक्रम का आयोजन करके पेशवाओं के साथ गद्दारी करके हरा के उनकी हार का जश्न मनाया जाता है तब किसी पार्टी का मुंह नहीं खुलता है लेकिन जब सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के एक सही निर्णय के खिलाफ यही तथाकथित शोषित वर्ग जब पब्लिक प्रॉपर्टी को नष्ट करते हुए हल्ला बोलते हैं तब तुरंत वर्तमान सरकार द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के निर्णय के खिलाफ दो दो बार पुनर्विचार याचिका दायर कर दिया जाता है, अंत में बस भारत सरकार से यही एक अनुरोध है कि 125 करोड़ भारतीय आपके सन्तानतुल्य है और पिता का कर्तव्य होता है कि सन्तान जब मार्ग से भटके तो उसे सही मार्ग बताये ना कि मार्ग भटकाये और भ्रम पैदा करे क्योंकि वर्तमान भारत सरकार ने न्यायालय के फैसले के खिलाफ जो पुनर्विचार याचिका दायर की है वो आग में घी डालने का कार्य कर रही है और इससे यह भी सिद्ध होता है कि भारत सरकार भी इतिहास शायद बॉलीवुड के उन फिल्मों से सीखते हैं जिसमें मनगढंत कहानी बनाकर ब्राह्मणों और क्षत्रियों को हमेशा विलेन बताया जाता है ।
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