tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35686328397512085122024-02-07T16:22:59.796-08:00SHANKHNAD.ORGINDIA RELATED POLITICS, Hinduism, Rajput, Rajputana warriors, Modi,AAP,BJP,BharatPradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.comBlogger924125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-23106664494582131932022-09-02T03:00:00.003-07:002022-09-02T03:00:45.106-07:00सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रियों (इक्ष्वाकु कुल) की शाखा वर्तमान गौड राजपूतों का वंश परिचय एंव इतिहास।<p> <img src="blob:https://www.blogger.com/60c21c1e-ac92-4938-92b3-9fe6747e9e67" /></p><p>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रियों (इक्ष्वाकु कुल) की शाखा वर्तमान गौड राजपूतों का वंश परिचय एंव इतिहास।। 🙏🚩</p><p>ब्रह्मा के पुत्र मरीचि द्वारा चलित सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय कुल मे जन्मे परम प्रतापी, शौर्यवान और प्रजा प्रमी अतः अज के पुत्र महात्मा दशरथ। दशरथ जी के चार पुत्रों श्री राम, भरत, लक्ष्मण और शत्रुघ्न मे से श्री राम के अनुज भरत के वंशज द्वारा ही गौड राजपूत राजवंश की नींव रखी गई थी।।</p><p><br /></p><p>गौङ वंश की सामान्य जानकारी :- </p><p><br /></p><p>कुल : सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय (वर्तमान गौड राजपूत)</p><p>गौत्र : भारद्वाज</p><p>प्रवर : भारद्वाज, बाईस्पत्य, अंगिरस</p><p>वेद : यजुर्वेद</p><p>शाखा : वाजसनेयी</p><p>सूत्र : पारस्कर</p><p>कुलदेवी : महाकाली</p><p>इष्ट देव : रूद्रदेव</p><p>वृक्ष : केला</p><p>गृहदेवी : नारायणी माता</p><p>भैरव : गया-सुर</p><p>नदी : गिलखा</p><p>तालाब : गया-सागर</p><p>गढ़ : पहला बंगाल, दुसरा गढ़ अजमेर</p><p>गुरू : वशिष्ठ</p><p>किले की देवी : महादुर्गा</p><p>ढाल : आशावरी</p><p>तलवार : रंगरूप</p><p>बन्दुक : संदाण</p><p>तोप : कट्कबिजली</p><p>कटार : रणवीर</p><p>छुरी : अस्पात</p><p>ढोल : जीतपाल</p><p>नंगारा : रणजीत</p><p>घाट : हरीद्वार</p><p>तीर्थ : द्वारिका</p><p>भाट : करणोत</p><p>चारण : मेहसन</p><p>ढोली : डोगव</p><p><br /></p><p>गौड़ राजवंश भारत में राजपूतों का एक कुल है, जोकि सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रियों के इक्ष्वाकु वंश में जन्मे श्रीराम के अनुज भरत जी के वंशज हैं ।</p><p><br /></p><p>गौड़ राजवंश परिचय</p><p><br /></p><p>गौड़ क्षत्रिय भगवान श्रीराम के छोटे भाई भरत के वंशज हैं। ये सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय कुल के हैं। जब श्रीराम अयोध्या के सम्राट बने तब महाराज भरत को गंधार प्रदेश का स्वामी बनाया गया। महाराज भरत के दो बेटे हुये तक्ष एवं पुष्कल जिन्होंने क्रमशः प्रसिद्द नगरी तक्षशिला (सुप्रसिद्ध विश्वविधालय) एवं पुष्कलावती बसाई (जो अब पेशावर है)। एक किंवदंती के अनुसार गंधार का अपभ्रंश गौर हो गया जो आगे चलकर राजस्थान में स्थानीय भाषा के प्रभाव में आकर गौड़ हो गया। महाभारत काल में इस वंश का राजा जयद्रथ था। कालांतर में सिंहद्वित्य तथा लक्ष्मनाद्वित्य दो प्रतापी राजा हुये जिन्होंने अपना राज्य गंधार से राजस्थान तथा कुरुक्षेत्र तक विस्तृत कर लिया था। पूज्य गोपीचंद जो सम्राट विक्रमादित्य तथा भृतहरि के भांजे थे इसी वंश के थे। बाद में इस वंश के क्षत्रिय बंगाल चले गए जिसे गौड़ बंगाल कहा जाने लगा। आज भी गौड़ राजपूतों की कुल देवी महाकाली का प्राचीनतम मंदिर बंगाल में है जो अब बंगलादेश में चला गया है।</p><p><br /></p><p>बंगाल में गौड राजपूत वंश :-</p><p><br /></p><p>बंगाल में गौड़ राजपूतों का लम्बे समय तक शासन रहा। चीनी यात्री ह्वेन्शांग के अनुसार शशांक गौड़ की राजधानी कर्ण-सुवर्ण थी जो वर्तमान में झारखण्ड के सिंहभूमि के अंतर्गत आता है। इससे पता चलता है कि गौड़ साम्राज्य बंगाल (वर्तमान बंगलादेश समेत) कामरूप (असाम) झारखण्ड सहित मगध तक विस्तृत था। गौड़ वंश के प्रभाव के कारण ही इस क्षेत्र को गौड़ बंगाल कहा जाने लगा । शशांक गौड़ इस वंश का सबसे प्रतापी राजा था जो सम्राट हर्षवर्धन का समकालीन था तथा सम्पूर्ण भारत वर्ष पर शासन करने की तीव्र महत्वकांक्षा रखता था। शशांक गौड़ ने हर्षवर्धन के भाई प्रभाकरवर्धन का वध किया था। इसके बाद एक युद्ध में हर्षवर्धन ने शशांक गौड़ को पराजित किया और उसकी महत्वकांक्षाओं को बंगाल तक ही सीमित कर दिया। शशांक गौड़ के बाद इस वंश का पतन हो गया। बाद में इसी वंश के किसी क्षत्रिय ने गौड़ बंगाल में समृद्ध एवं शक्तिशाली पालवंश की नींव रखी। पाल वंश के अनेक शिलालेखों तथा अन्य दस्तावेजों से प्रमाणित होता है कि ये विशुद्ध सूर्यवंशी थे। लेकिन बोद्ध धर्म को प्रश्रय देने के कारण ब्राह्मणवादियों ने चन्द्रगुप्त तथा अशोक महान की तरह इन्हें भी शुद्र घोषित करने का प्रयास किया है। सम्राट हर्षवर्धन की मृत्यु के बाद भारत कई राज्यों में बंट गया और अगले 100 वर्षों तक कन्नौज पर अधिपत्य के विभिन्न क्षत्रिय राजाओं के बीच संघर्ष होता रहा क्यूंकि मगध के पतन के बाद भारतवर्ष का नया सत्ता शीर्ष कन्नौज बन चूका था तथा कन्नौज अधिपति ही देश का सम्राट कहलाता था। कन्नौज के लिए हुये इस संघर्ष में शामिल तत्कालीन भारत के प्रमुख तीन राजवंशों में क्षत्रीय प्रतिहार, राष्ट्रकूट के अलावा बंगाल का पाल वंश(गौड़) था। उस समय चोथी शक्ति के रूप में बादामी के चालुक्य (सोलंकी) तेजी से उभर रहे थे। पाल वंश के पतन के बाद पर्शियन आक्रान्ता बख्तियार खिलजी ने जब बंगाल पर हमले किये और उसे तहस नहस कर दिया तब गौड़ राजपूतों का बड़ी संख्या में बंगाल से राजस्थान की तरफ पलायन हुआ।</p><p><br /></p><p>राजस्थान में गौड राजपूत वंश :- </p><p><br /></p><p>राजस्थान में गौड़ प्राचीन काल से ही रहते आये है, मारवाड़ क्षेत्र में एक क्षेत्र आज भी गौड़वाड़ व गौड़ाटी कहलाता है, जो कभी गौड़ राजपूतों के अधिकार क्षेत्र में रहा और वहां वे निवास करते थे। राजपूत वंशावली के अनुसार सबसे पहले सीताराम गौड़ बंगाल से राजस्थान के मारवाड़ क्षेत्र में आये। यही से बाहरदेव व नाहरदेव दो गौड़ कन्नौज सम्राट नागभट्ट द्वितीय के पास पहुंचे। जिनको नागभट्ट ने कालपी व नार (कानपुर) क्षेत्र जागीर में दिया। इन्हीं के वंशज आज उत्तर प्रदेश के इटावा बदायूं, कन्नौज, मोरादाबाद अलीगढ में निवास करते हैं। नार क्षेत्र में आगे की पीढ़ियों में हुये वत्सराज, वामन व सूरसेन नामक गौड़ वि.स. 1206 में पुष्कर तीर्थ स्नान हेतु राजस्थान आये। उस समय दहिया राजपूत अजमेर में चैहानों के सामंत थे। जिन्होंने चैहानों से विद्रोह कर रखा था.। तत्कालीन चैहान शासक विग्रहराज तृतीय ने विद्रोह दबाने गौड़ों को भेजा। गौड़ों ने दहियाओं का विद्रोह दबा दिया तब प्रसन्न होकर चैहान शासक ने इनको केकड़ी, जूनियां, देवलिया और सरवाड़ के परगने जागीर में दिये। वत्सराज के अधिकार में केकड़ी, जूनियां, सरवाड़ व देवलिया के परगने रहे वहीं वामन के अधिकार में मोठड़ी, मारोठ परगना रहा। महान राजपूत सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चैहान के कई प्रसिद्ध गौड़ सामंत थे। जिनमें रण सिंह गौड़ तथा बुलंदशहर का राजा रणवीर सिंह गौड़ प्रमुख थे। पृथ्वीराज रासो में और भी कई गौड़ सामंतों का जिक्र आता है। चंदरबरदाई ने गौडों की प्रशंसा में लिखा है -‘‘बलहट बांका देवड़ा, करतब बांका गौड़ हाडा बांका गाढ़ में, रण बांका राठौड़।’’</p><p><br /></p><p>गौड वंश की उप-शाखाएं :- </p><p><br /></p><p>गौड़ राजपूत वंश की कई उपशाखाएँ (खापें) है जैसे- अमेठिया गौड़,अजमेरा गौड़, मारोठिया (लाखणोत) गौड़,सांगावत गौड़, बलभद्रोत गौड़, ब्रह्म गौड़, चॅवर गौर, भट्ट गौड़, गौड़हर, वैद्य गौड़, सुकेत गौड़, पिपारिया गौड़, अभेराजोत, किशनावत, चतुर्भुजोत, पथुमनोत, विबलोत, भाकरसिंहोत, भातसिंहोत, मनहरद सोत, मुरारीदासोत, लवणावत, विनयरावोत, उटाहिर, उनाय, कथेरिया, केलवाणा, खगसेनी, जरैया, तूर, दूसेना, घोराणा, उदयदासोत, नागमली, अजीतमली, बोदाना, सिलहाला आदि खापें है जो उनके निकास स्थल व पूर्वजों के नाम से प्रचलित है।</p><p><br /></p><p>उत्तर प्रदेश में गौड़ क्षत्रिय : राजस्थान के मारवाड़ क्षेत्र से बाहरदेव व नाहरदेव दो गौड़ भाई कन्नौज सम्राट नागभट्ट द्वितीय के पास पहुंचे। जिनको नागभट्ट ने कालपी व नार (कानपुर) क्षेत्र जागीर में दिया। इन्हीं के ही वंशज आज उत्तर प्रदेश के कानपुर, एटा, इटावा, गोरखपुर बदायूं, मोरादाबाद तथा अलीगढ में निवास करते हैं।</p><p><br /></p><p>नार के राजा पृथ्वीदेव गौड़ का विवाह महाराज गोपीचंद राठौड़ की बहिन से हुआ था। जब पृथ्वीदेव एक युद्ध में वीरगति को प्राप्त हुआ तो गोपीचंद राठौड़ ने अपने भांजों को बुला कर उन्हें अमेठी (कानपूर) का शासक बना दिया। राजा कान्ह्देव के ये वंशज अमेठिया गौड़ कहलाये। ये अमेठी लखनऊ, सीतापुर, पंचगछिया सहरसा ,राजधाम खगड़िया ,सीवान जिलों में बसते हैं। बंगाल से ही एक शाखा मथुरा आयी। दिल्ली सम्राट अनंगपाल तंवर के सेनापति दो गौड़ सगे भाई सूर और घोट थे। इन्होंने वर्तमान बिलराम (मथुरा) को जीता।</p><p><br /></p><p>पवायन रियासत 1705 में राजा उदयसिंह गौड़ ने रूहिल्ला पठानों को पराजित कर रोहिलखंड उत्तरप्रदेश (महाभारतकालीन पंचाल प्रदेश) में सबसे बड़ी राजपूत रियासत पवायन (जिला शाहजहांपुर) की स्थापना की। जिसका शासन 1947 तक कायम रहा। यहाँ के शासक को राजा की उपाधि धारण करने का अधिकार रहा है।</p><p><br /></p><p>बुलंदशहर में बसने वाले गौडों के पूर्वज राजस्थान से आये दो भाई थे जिला बिजनोर में भी गौड़ राजपूत बसते हैं। यहाँ मुकुटसिंह शेखावत के नेतृत्व में सोमवती अमावस्य पर गंगा स्नान करने राजस्थान से आये 12 राजाओं ने जिनमें बलभद्रसिंह गौड़ और बुद्धसिंह गौड़ भी शामिल थे, हिन्दु साधुओं की रक्षा आततायी मुस्लिम नवाब फतह उल्ला खान का वध करके की। इसके बाद इन 12 राजाओं ने 84-84 गाँव आपस में बाँट लिए और वहीं पर ही शासन करने लगे।</p><p><br /></p><p>कानपुर से गौड़ राजपूतों का एक खानदान इलाहाबाद आ गया जो ओरछा के बुंदेलों की सेवा में था। इनके एक सामंत बिहारीसिंह गौड़ ने ओरंगजेब से बगावत की और एक युद्ध में मारे गए। इलाहबाद के डॉक्टर नरेंद्रसिंह गौर उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार में शिक्षा एवं गन्ना मंत्री भी रहे।</p><p><br /></p><p>मध्य प्रदेश में गौड़ क्षत्रिय : मध्यप्रदेश में शेओपुर (जिला जबलपुर) गौड़ राजपूतों का एक प्रमुख ठिकाना रहा है। 1301 में अल्लाउद्दीन खिलजी ने शेओपुर पर कब्जा किया जो तब तक हमीर देव चैहान के पास था। बाद में मालवा के सुलतान का तथा शेरशाह सूरी का भी यहाँ कब्जा रहा। उसके बाद बूंदी के शासक सुरजन सिंह हाडा ने भी शेओपुर पर कब्जा किया। बाद में अकबर ने इसे मुगल साम्राज्य में मिला लिया। स्वतंत्र रूप से इस राज्य की स्थापना विट्ठलदास गौड़ के पुत्र अनिरुद्ध सिंह गौड़ ने की थी। इनके आमेर का कछवाहा राजपूतों से काफी निकट के और घनिष्ट सम्बन्ध रहे। अनिरुद्ध सिंह गौड़ की पुत्री का विवाह आमेर नरेश मिर्जा राजा रामसिंह से हुआ था। सवाई राजा जयसिंह का विवाह उदयसिंह गौड़ की पुत्री आनंदकंवर से हुआ था। जिससे ज्येष्ठ पुत्र शिवसिंह पैदा हुआ।</p><p><br /></p><p>सन 1722 में जब जयपुर नरेश सवाई राजा जयसिंह जाटों का दमन करने थुड गए थे, उस समय तत्कालीन शेओपुर नरेश इन्दरसिंह गौड़ अपनी सेना सहित उनकी मदद में उपस्थित रहे। बाद में मैराथन के विरुद्ध भी इन्द्रसिंह गौड़ जय सिंह के साथ रहे। इसके अलावा भोपाल में पेशवाओं के विरुद्ध युद्ध और जोधपुर के विरुद्ध युद्ध में भी इन्दरसिंह गौड़ सवाई राजा की मदद में रहे। इस प्रकार इन्दरसिंह गौड़ ने पूरे जीवन सवाई राजा जयसिंह का साथ दिया। बाद में सिंधियों ने गौड़ों से शेओपुर को जीत लिया।</p><p><br /></p><p>शेओपुर का 225 साल का इतिहास गवाही है, शानदार गौड़ राजपूत वास्तुकला की। नरसिंह गौड़ का महल हो, राणी महल हो या किशोरदास गौड़ की छतरियां हों, सब अपने आप में बेमिसाल हैं। आज ये शहर मध्यप्रदेश के पर्यटन का एक प्रमुख हिस्सा है।</p><p><br /></p><p>खांडवा के गौड़ क्षत्रिय : शेओपुर के अलावा खांडवा भी मध्यप्रदेश में गौडों का एक प्रमुख ठिकाना रहा है। अजमेर साम्राज्य के सामंत राजा वत्सराज (बच्छराज) गौड़ (केकड़ी-जूनियां) के वंशज गजसिंह गौड़ और उनके भाइयों ने राजस्थान से हटकर 1485 में पूर्व निमाड़ (खांडवा) में घाटाखेड़ी नमक राज्य स्थापित किया। यह गौड़ राजपूतों का एक मजबूत ठिकाना रहा। वर्तमान में खांडवा के मोहनपुर, गोरड़िया पोखर राजपुरा प्लासी आदि गाँवों में उपरोक्त ठिकाने के वंशज बसे हुये हैं।</p><p><br /></p><p>किंवदंती है एक गौड़ राजा के प्रताप और तप के कारण ही मध्यप्रदेश की नर्मदा नदी उलटी बहती है लेखक : सचिन सिंह गौड़, संपादक, सिंह गर्जना।।</p><p><br /></p><p>गौड़ क्षत्रिय वंश से जुड़ी रोचक और इतिहास की बातें इस प्रकार हे :- </p><p><br /></p><p>(1). गौड़ क्षत्रिय भगवान श्रीराम के छोटे भाई भरत के वंशज हैं। ये विशुद्ध सूर्यवंशी कुल के हैं। जब श्रीराम अयोध्या के सम्राट बने तब महाराज भरत को गंधार प्रदेश का स्वामी बनाया गया। महाराज भरत के दो बेटे हुये तक्ष एवं पुष्कल जिन्होंने क्रमशः प्रसिद्द नगरी तक्षशिला (सुप्रसिद्ध विश्वविधालय) एवं पुष्कलावती बसाई (जो अब पेशावर है)। एक किंवदंती के अनुसार गंधार का अपभ्रंश गौर हो गया जो आगे चलकर राजस्थान में स्थानीय भाषा के प्रभाव में आकर गौड़ हो गया। </p><p><br /></p><p>(2). गंधार प्रदेश में शासन करने वाले गौड़ वंश में भी काफी महान सम्राट हुए जिन्होंने गौड़ वंश को अन्य क्षेत्रों में फैला दिया। इन महान सम्राटों ने कंधार प्रदेश की सीमा को बढ़ाते हुए राजस्थान तक पहुँचा दिया। आज भी राजस्थान में गौड़ राजपूतों की काफी अच्छी संख्या है।</p><p><br /></p><p>(3). महाभारत काल में इस वंश का राजा जयद्रथ था। कालांतर में सिंहद्वित्य तथा लक्ष्मनाद्वित्य दो प्रतापी राजा हुये जिन्होंने अपना राज्य गंधार से राजस्थान तथा कुरुक्षेत्र तक विस्तृत कर लिया था। पूज्य गोपीचंद जो सम्राट विक्रमादित्य तथा भृतहरि के भांजे थे इसी वंश के थे। बाद में इस वंश के क्षत्रिय बंगाल चले गए जिसे गौड़ बंगाल कहा जाने लगा। आज भी गौड़ राजपूतों की कुल देवी महाकाली का प्राचीनतम मंदिर बंगाल में है जो अब बंगलादेश में चला गया है।</p><p><br /></p><p>(4). बंगाल के गौड़ शासकों के अलावा राजस्थान में भी गौड़ वंश की एक अच्छी खासी जनसंख्या है। राजस्थान को गौड़ों के प्राचीन स्थलों के तौर पर देखा जाता है। यहां पर पुराने समय से ही गौड़ वंश के लोग निवास कर रहे हैं। राजस्थान में जिस क्षेत्र को गौड़ वंश के लोग अच्छा खासा प्रभावित करते है उसे गौड़बाड़ क्षेत्र के नाम से जाना जाता है। बंगाल से आकर मारवाड़ क्षेत्र में बसने बाले सर्वप्रथम सीताराम गौड़ थे।</p><p><br /></p><p>(5). बंगाल में गौड़ राजपूतों का लम्बे समय तक शासन रहा। चीनी यात्री ह्वेन्शांग के अनुसार शशांक गौड़ की राजधानी कर्ण-सुवर्ण थी जो वर्तमान में झारखण्ड के सिंहभूमि के अंतर्गत आता है। इससे पता चलता है कि गौड़ साम्राज्य बंगाल (वर्तमान बंगलादेश समेत) कामरूप (असाम) झारखण्ड सहित मगध तक विस्तृत था। गौड़ वंश के प्रभाव के कारण ही इस क्षेत्र को गौड़ बंगाल कहा जाने लगा ।</p><p><br /></p><p>(6). महान राजपूत शासक पृथ्वीराज चौहान भी गौड़ वंश के नेतृत्व से खासे प्रभावित थे जिस बजह से उन्होंने अपने दरबार में गौड़ वंशियों को उच्च पद प्रदान किये थे। रण सिंह गौड़ उनके दरबार का हमेशा अहम हिस्सा रहे इसके अलावा बुलंदशहर के राजा रणवीर सिंह गौड़ से भी पृथ्वीराज चौहान के काफी अच्छे संबंध थे। प्रथ्वीराज चौहान की जीवनी में भी गौड़ वंशियों की काफी तारीफ की गयी है।</p><p><br /></p><p>(7). गौड़ राजपूत वंश की कई उपशाखाएँ (खापें) है जैसे- अजमेरा गौड़, मारोठिया गौड़, बलभद्रोत गौड़, ब्रह्म गौड़, चमर गौड़, भट्ट गौड़, गौड़हर, वैद्य गौड़, सुकेत गौड़, पिपारिया गौड़, अभेराजोत, किशनावत, चतुर्भुजोत, पथुमनोत, विबलोत, भाकरसिंहोत, भातसिंहोत, मनहरद सोत, मुरारीदासोत, लवणावत, विनयरावोत, उटाहिर, उनाय, कथेरिया, केलवाणा, खगसेनी, जरैया, तूर, दूसेना, घोराणा, उदयदासोत, नागमली, अजीतमली, बोदाना, सिलहाला आदि खापें है जो उनके निकास स्थल व पूर्वजों के नाम से प्रचलित है।</p><p><br /></p><p>(8). मध्यप्रदेश में शेओपुर (जिला जबलपुर) गौड़ राजपूतों का एक प्रमुख ठिकाना रहा है। 1301 में अल्लाउद्दीन खिलजी ने शेओपुर पर कब्जा किया जो तब तक हमीर देव चैहान के पास था। बाद में मालवा के सुलतान का तथा शेरशाह सूरी का भी यहाँ कब्जा रहा। उसके बाद बूंदी के शासक सुरजन सिंह हाडा ने भी शेओपुर पर कब्जा किया। बाद में अकबर ने इसे मुगल साम्राज्य में मिला लिया। स्वतंत्र रूप से इस राज्य की स्थापना विट्ठलदास गौड़ के पुत्र अनिरुद्ध सिंह गौड़ ने की थी। इनके आमेर का कछवाहा राजपूतों से काफी निकट के और घनिष्ट सम्बन्ध रहे। अनिरुद्ध सिंह गौड़ की पुत्री का विवाह आमेर नरेश मिर्जा राजा रामसिंह से हुआ था। सवाई राजा जयसिंह का विवाह उदयसिंह गौड़ की पुत्री आनंदकंवर से हुआ था। जिससे ज्येष्ठ पुत्र शिवसिंह पैदा हुआ।</p><p><br /></p><p>(9). शेओपुर के अलावा खांडवा भी मध्यप्रदेश में गौडों का एक प्रमुख ठिकाना रहा है। अजमेर साम्राज्य के सामंत राजा वत्सराज (बच्छराज) गौड़ (केकड़ी-जूनियां) के वंशज गजसिंह गौड़ और उनके भाइयों ने राजस्थान से हटकर 1485 में पूर्व निमाड़ (खांडवा) में घाटाखेड़ी नमक राज्य स्थापित किया। यह गौड़ राजपूतों का एक मजबूत ठिकाना रहा। वर्तमान में खांडवा के मोहनपुर, गोरड़िया पोखर राजपुरा प्लासी आदि गाँवों में उपरोक्त ठिकाने के वंशज बसे हुये हैं।</p><p><br /></p><p>(10). गौड़ वंश के शासकों की गिनती एक तेज तर्रार दिमाग वाले व्यक्ति एवं एक कुशल घुड़सवार के तौर पर की जाती है। गौड़ वंश की वीरता से प्रभावित होकर बहुत से शासकों ने अपने दरबार में गौड़ वंशियों को ऊँचे पद प्रदान किये । इतिहास गवाह है कि गौड़ों के नेतृत्व के बल पर कई शासक कामयाबी के शिखर तक पहुँचे थे।</p><p><br /></p><p>नोट – गौड़ वंश की ऐतिहासिक जानकारी काफी विस्तृत है हमने अपने इस पोस्ट में मुख्य पहलुओं पर ही जानकारी दी है।फिर भी कोई महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी छूट गयी है तो हम उसके लिए क्षमाप्रार्थी हैं।</p><p><br /></p><p>क्षत्रिय धर्म युगे: युगे: ⚔️🚩</p><p><br /></p><p>#क्षत्रिय #क्षत्रिय_विरासत #शूर्यवंशी_क्षत्रिय #शूर्यवंशी_क्षत्रिय_राजपूत #राजपूत #राजपुताना #गौड_क्षत्रिय #गौड_क्षत्रिय_राजपूत #भरतवंशी #ईक्ष्वाकुवंशी #बंगाल #राजस्थान #गांधार #कुरूक्षेत्र #भारतवर्षै #आर्यावर्तै </p><p>-</p><p>जय माॅं भवानी ⚔️🚩</p><p>जय एकलिंग महाराज ⚔️🚩</p>Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-77348183297534991402022-08-28T20:34:00.003-07:002022-08-28T20:35:05.522-07:00Shekhavat and Kushwah Rajput history <p> <img src="blob:https://www.blogger.com/7b476987-8ac6-41dd-bed0-6ef8097c75b4" /></p><p><br /></p><p>शूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय प्रभु श्री राम के पुत्र कुश से चला कुशवाहा (कच्छवाहा) राजपूत राजवंश से अलग होकर शेखावत राजपूत राजवंश स्थापित करने वाले गौरक्षक महाराव शेखा जी।। 🙏🚩</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखाजी का इतिहास :- </p><p><br /></p><p>वर्तमान के शेखावटी क्षेत्र (जयपुर, सीकर, झुंझुनू) के संस्थापक महाराव शेखा जी ही थे. जिनके नाम शेखा से शेखावटी क्षेत्र पड़ा. इनका जन्म विक्रम संवत 1490 को मोकल जी के घर हुआ था. इनकी माता का नाम निरबान देवी था. शेखा जी जब अल्पायु में थे तभी इनके पिताजी का देहांत हो गया था. पिताजी के स्वर्गवास के बाद कम अवस्था में ही इन्हें चौबीस गाँवों की जागीर को सभालना पड़ा था. महाराव शेखाजी का इतिहास में हम इस महान प्रतापी, लोक हितेषी, नारी सम्मानरक्षक के बारे में संक्षिप्त में जानेगे।</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखा जी पन्द्रहवी शताब्दी का एक अद्वितीय व्यक्तित्व था. उसका जन्म 1433 ई में हुआ. कछवाहा वंशीय होने से आमेर राज्य का सम्मान बनाए रखने हेतु वह उसे वार्षिक कर देता था. आमेर शासक चन्द्रसेन महाराव शेखाजी के बड़े भ्राता थे, उन्हें शेखा का स्वतंत्र राज्य मान्य नही नही था और उनको किसी प्रकार से आमेर की अधिनता में लाने के लिए प्रयासरत थे. राव शेखा जो एक स्वाभिमानी व्यक्ति थे, को आमेर की अधीनता स्वीकार नही थी अतः इसी कारण दोनों भाइयों के मध्य एक दशक तक युद्ध होते रहे और अंत में 1471 ई के युद्ध में शेख की विजय हुई. इसलिए चन्द्रसेन को शेखा को एक स्वतंत्र शासक के रूप में स्वीकार करना पड़ा।</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखाजी युद्ध कला में पारंगत थे. इसके बाद उसने अपने आस-पास के स्थानों को हस्तगत करना शुरू किया. इसके परिणामस्वरूप भिवानी, हिंसार व अन्य अनेक क्षेत्रों पर महाराव शेखाजी का आधिपत्य हो गया. इनके राज्य में गाँवों की संख्या 360 तक पहुच गई।</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखाजी के राज्य अमरसर का क्षेत्रफल आमेर राज्य से भी अधिक बड़ा था. राव शेखाजी ने शासक के रूप में धार्मिक सहिष्णुता का भी परिचय दिया. इन्ही के प्रयासों से पठानों ने गाय के मांस को न खाने का संकल्प लिया, वे नारी अस्मिता के रक्षक थे।</p><p><br /></p><p>नारी के सम्मान को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए अपने जीवन का सन 1488 में उत्सर्ग कर दिया. जहाँ इनकी मृत्यु हुई, वहां उनकी याद में एक छतरी बनी हुई हैं.</p><p><br /></p><p>शेखाजी का जीवनकाल :-</p><p><br /></p><p>शेखावत समाज के पितृपुरुष कहे जाने वाले महाराव शेखाजी का जन्म कार्तिक महीने की शुक्ल पक्ष की दशमी रविवार संवत 1490 को नाण बरवाडा के स्थानीय शासक राजा मोकल जी की रानी निर्वाण के गर्भ से हुआ था।</p><p><br /></p><p>वर्ष 1502 में अपने पिता की मृत्यु के उपरांत महज 12 वर्ष की आयु में इन्होने राजकाज संभाला, उन्नीस वर्ष की आयु प्राप्त करते ही शेखाजी ने राज्य विस्तार और अपनी प्रजा की भलाई के कार्य शुरू कर दिए.</p><p><br /></p><p>राज्य की कूटनीति को विस्तार देने तथा पड़ोसी जागीरो से अच्छे सम्बन्ध स्थापित करने के लिए महाराव शेखाजी ने गोडो, निर्वाणों, तंवरो आदि जागीरदारों के साथ वैवाहिक सम्बन्ध स्थापित किये, उस समय मेवाड़ की सत्ता पर बैठे दूदाजी के साथ अपनी बेटी का विवाह कर अच्छे सम्बन्ध स्थापित किये।</p><p><br /></p><p>आमेर के शासक चन्द्रसेन के साथ महाराव की पांच लड़ाईयां हुई, आखिर में दोनों के मध्य शान्ति समझौता हुआ और यह लम्बे समय तक कायम रहा।</p><p><br /></p><p>स्त्री का सम्मान और गौरक्षा :-</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखाजी की शासनावधि में विदेशी तुर्क आक्रान्ताओं की मार आज का समूचा राजस्थान झेल रहा था. शेखाजी गजनी, गौरी से कई बार भिड़े ऐसा माना जाता हैं. एक गौरक्षक के रूप में इन्होने गायो की सेवा की, उनके लिए गौशाला और चारे का प्रबंध किया.</p><p><br /></p><p>इनकी स्पष्ट घोषणा थी कि अगर कोई उनके रहते गाय पर अत्याचार करेगा तो उसकी गर्दन उडा दी जाएगी. जैसी छवि इनकी गौरक्षा के प्रति थी वैसे ही नारी सुरक्षा और सम्मान के रक्षक भी थे।</p><p><br /></p><p>गोड राजा रिडमल के साथ घाटवा के युद्ध में तीर लगने से इनका देहांत हो गया था. आज भी शेखाजी की छतरी रलावता गाँव से कुछ ही दूरी पर जीण माता के पास बनी हुई हैं. यहाँ बनी छतरी का उद्घाटन पूर्व राष्ट्रपति महामहिम प्रतिभा पाटील के हाथों से हुआ था।</p><p><br /></p><p>स्त्री का सम्मान और गौरक्षा :-</p><p><br /></p><p>महाराव शेखाजी की शासनावधि में विदेशी तुर्क आक्रान्ताओं की मार आज का समूचा राजस्थान झेल रहा था. शेखाजी अरबी और अफगानी बर्बरता से कई युद्ध लडे जीता और अपने राज्य को उनसे सुरक्षित और स्वतंत्र रखा, एक गौरक्षक के रूप में इन्होने गायो की सेवा की, उनके लिए गौशाला और चारे का प्रबंध किया।</p><p><br /></p><p>इनकी स्पष्ट घोषणा थी कि अगर कोई उनके रहते गाय पर अत्याचार करेगा तो उसकी गर्दन उडा दी जाएगी. जैसी छवि इनकी गौरक्षा के प्रति थी वैसे ही नारी सुरक्षा और सम्मान के रक्षक भी थे।</p><p><br /></p><p>गोड राजा रिडमल के साथ घाटवा के युद्ध में तीर लगने से इनका देहांत हो गया था. आज भी शेखाजी की छतरी रलावता गाँव से कुछ ही दूरी पर जीण माता के पास बनी हुई हैं. यहाँ बनी छतरी का उद्घाटन पूर्व राष्ट्रपति महामहिम प्रतिभा पाटील के हाथों से हुआ था।</p><p><br /></p><p>क्षत्रिय धर्म युगे: युगे: ⚔️🚩</p><p><br /></p><p>#क्षत्रिय #क्षत्रिय_विरासत #शूर्यवंशी_क्षत्रिय #शूर्यवंशी_क्षत्रिय_राजपूत #राजपूत #राजपुताना #कुशवाहा_राजपूत #महाराव_शेखा_जी #शेखा_जी #शेखावटी #रघुवंशी #राजस्थान #भारतवर्षै #आर्यावर्तै </p><p>-</p><p>जय माॅं भवानी ⚔️🚩</p><p>जय एकलिंग महाराज ⚔️🚩</p>Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-43808125595068979872022-01-27T15:49:00.002-08:002022-01-27T15:49:42.001-08:00Gupta empire<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEirs2JODao34tXRzdDy3_yobCaj38-enY9kLrg01B2eu4gjJdsplM4stnrJa9pccqqSHOrQZ21hteXiDJw6MdXqXcr3zbXG4v68479GGPe7F3HQ4FiYka17ZynJ9oiLRFXZBont_4xI0BdClJdwOgeYHtzoXb541awRDWFDIr0y2LlOjpVHlCgnG6Qs=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEirs2JODao34tXRzdDy3_yobCaj38-enY9kLrg01B2eu4gjJdsplM4stnrJa9pccqqSHOrQZ21hteXiDJw6MdXqXcr3zbXG4v68479GGPe7F3HQ4FiYka17ZynJ9oiLRFXZBont_4xI0BdClJdwOgeYHtzoXb541awRDWFDIr0y2LlOjpVHlCgnG6Qs=s320" width="256" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>The Gupta Empire (319 CE - 470 CE) 👑</p><p><br /></p><p>HISTORY:-</p><p><br /></p><p>Gupta dynasty was initially a small kingdom which was a vassal state of the Kushans. Later during Chandragupt I's reign it became an independent Empire limited to the Ganga Valley. Samudragupta the Great became the Emperor in 319 AD as per Gupta records. He was a great military commander who conquered Bengal, Kamrupa(North east),Kalinga, Dakshin Koshal,Vengi, Pallava kingdom, parts of Vatakata dynasty, later Kushan Empire in eastern Punjab and Kashmir.</p><p><br /></p><p>As per Sri Lankan records Ceylon accepted the Suzerainty of the Gupta Empire during Samudragupta's rule. He also maintained relations with the Western Kshatrapas, Kushans of Afghanistan and Punjab and EVEN SOUTH EAST ASIAN KINGDOMS. It is quite possible that about mentioned Kingdoms accepted his suzerainty INCLUDING INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA.</p><p><br /></p><p>Samudragupta was succeeded by Chandragupt ii Vikramaditya (as per some texts Ramgupta). Chandragupta ii Vikramaditya subjugated Western Kshatrapas, Bactria and also defeated the Sassanid Empire. He crossed Sapta Sindhu to conquer these Lands. Vatakatas and Kadambas remained his Vassal states.</p><p><br /></p><p>Source: Allahabad Pillar Inscriptions, Chandragupta ii Vikramaditya's Delhi pillar inscriptions, Ceylonese records Raghuvamsha and various articles relating to the topic including my self study.</p><p>©Thehindumapper</p>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-49495661235497011532022-01-27T15:38:00.003-08:002022-01-27T15:38:44.420-08:00Rashtrakuta empire <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMEC532VjQVdTWXim5iM2tS37ZYDbTsTM4EQD0-Ch92ldqOoxQ-BJGMFJvXPIL8CHADvsXieWs0jdGeoHNE6NXTUq1jVGGGxOkUilIirWqK3J4qd4lxi5qWA3UHLv0kbDmLa8bjloKY4sqJn4yNIQDe7-Qa8nuOxlueJpW59NQciBV5k2yDqAVDVYb=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMEC532VjQVdTWXim5iM2tS37ZYDbTsTM4EQD0-Ch92ldqOoxQ-BJGMFJvXPIL8CHADvsXieWs0jdGeoHNE6NXTUq1jVGGGxOkUilIirWqK3J4qd4lxi5qWA3UHLv0kbDmLa8bjloKY4sqJn4yNIQDe7-Qa8nuOxlueJpW59NQciBV5k2yDqAVDVYb=s320" width="256" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Rashtrakuta Empire at its peak under Govinda iii around 793 CE.</p><p><br /></p><p>Govinda III (reign 793–814 CE) was a famous Rashtrakuta ruler who succeeded his illustrious father Dhruva Dharavarsha. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests-from Kanyakumari in the south to Kannauj in the north, from Banaras in the east to Broach (Bharuch) in the west. He held such titles as Prabhutavarsha, Jagattunga, Anupama, Kirthinarayana, Prithvivallabha, Shrivallabha, Vimaladitya, Atishayadhavala and Tribhuvanadhavala. From the Someshvara inscription of 804 it is known that Gamundabbe was his chief queen.</p><p><br /></p><p>Rashtrakutas after defeating the Palas and Gurjara Pratihars captured the city of Kannauj. They also made Ceylon, Chola, Chera,Pandayas, Dakshin Koshal, Pallavas and Western Ganga their Vassals under Govinda iii.</p><p><br /></p><p>Except dating which is bit +- nothing wrong in data. which is Illustration in adobe spark once edited we cant do anything. And its summarized rashtrakuta empire map.Its not about just one king which achieved peak during govinda iii.under Krishna III & Butuga II after battle of takkolam entire southern land submitted to rastrakutas.</p><p><br /></p>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-40816119927694272052021-10-25T18:09:00.004-07:002021-10-25T18:09:54.750-07:00ब्राह्मण_सरदार शंकर चक्रवर्ती - मुघलों का काल||<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQCLFTSjzGtxyeheFbxLcgOMjCoieuR3ah7TuBMLJTaqC1ZGC0MLQlICDdxHM0g0boRH7zVkBzuAXSPHHopORzY_oNxwWZVisDqwdY2cAO47JB072tm1IgGEKpGhj3sYQYdqBAQwjpOOY/s1080/1D4B3B8A-19B3-409C-9D5B-1BBE4442115F.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="1080" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQCLFTSjzGtxyeheFbxLcgOMjCoieuR3ah7TuBMLJTaqC1ZGC0MLQlICDdxHM0g0boRH7zVkBzuAXSPHHopORzY_oNxwWZVisDqwdY2cAO47JB072tm1IgGEKpGhj3sYQYdqBAQwjpOOY/s320/1D4B3B8A-19B3-409C-9D5B-1BBE4442115F.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>【●|| ब्राह्मण_सरदार_शंकर_चक्रवर्ती - #मुघलों_का_काल||● 】</p><p><br /></p><p>इतिहास में ब्राह्मणों की वीरता की कहानी से हम लगभग भुला दिए गए हैं, लेकिन इतिहास के पन्नों में दर्ज वे सभी ऐतिहासिक घटनाएं आज भी हमें विस्मय से विस्मित करती हैं। आत्म-बलिदान के इन वीर कृत्यों ने भारतवर्ष को विदेशी हमलावरों के आक्रमण से रक्षा के साथ-साथ राष्ट्रीय गौरव भी बचाया है। इतिहास में ऐसी ही असाधारण वीर ब्राह्मण सेनापति है सरदार शंकर चक्रवर्ती, जिसने अपनी वीरता और बुद्धिमत्ता से विधर्मी मुघल शक्ति को बार-बार पराजित किया। ईनका जन्म सोलहवीं शताब्दी के अंतिम भाग में बंगाल के हरिपाल अंतर्गत द्वारहट्टा के पास प्रसादपुर गांव में हुआ था। एक साधारण मध्यमवर्गीय कुलीन ब्राह्मण परिवार में जन्मे, वह अपनी बुद्धि और क्षमता के कारण बंगाल के स्वतंत्र सम्राट महाराज प्रतापादित्य के यशोर सेना के राजसेनाध्यक्ष और मुख्य सलाहकार के पद तक पहुंचे।</p><p><br /></p><p>सोलहवीं शताब्दी में दिल्ली में मुघल बादशाह अकबर का शासन चल रहा था । इस समय वीर महाराज प्रतापादित्य के शासन में बंगाल एक स्वतंत्र हिंदू राज्य बनके खड़ा हुआ था । शंकर के वीरता,व्यक्तित्व और चरित्र से प्रभावित होकर महाराज प्रतापादित्य उनको बंगाल के यशोर सेनापति के पद में निर्वाचन किया । महाराजा प्रतापादित्य के मुख्य सलाहकार शंकर चक्रवर्ती थे । सरदार शंकर एक परमधार्मिक शैव और महादेव के भक्त थे । युद्ध के मैदान में, विशेष रूप से मुघल सत्ता के खिलाफ लड़ाई में, शंकर ने हमेशा प्रतापादित्य को युद्ध की रणनीति करने की सलाह दी। इस सलाह ने प्रतापादित्य को कई लड़ाइयों में मुघलों को हराने में मदद की।</p><p><br /></p><p>1) हिजली का युद्ध / ओडिशा विजय : </p><p><br /></p><p>इस समय ओडिशा सल्तनत में लोहानी पठान सुल्तानों का राज था जो हिंदुओं पर चरम अत्याचार करते थे । ओडिशा सल्तनत के अंतर्गत हिजली में सुल्तान ताज खान मसन्दरी का राज था जो जगन्नाथ रथयात्रा के दिन गौ-ब्राह्मण निधन शुरू किए । पठानों की इस अत्याचार से क्रोधित होकर इसी समय महाराज प्रतापादित्य ने हिजली पर आक्रमण कर दिया, इस आक्रमण के नेतृत्व में थे सेनापति शंकर चक्रवर्ती । हिजली में ताज खान और ईशा खान के साथ शंकर का भयंकर युद्ध हुआ । इस युद्ध मे शंकर ने ताज खान को बुरी तरह हराया और ईशा खान युद्ध के मैदान में ही मार दिया गया। इस युद्ध मे विजय से ओडिशा सल्तनत बंगाल के सम्राट प्रतापादित्य के शासन में एक सामंतराज्य बन गया और सनातन धर्म का विजययात्रा शुरू हुआ । </p><p><br /></p><p>2) पटना का युद्ध :</p><p><br /></p><p>शंकर चक्रवर्ती की वीरता से भयभीत होकर अकबर ने पटना के नवाब अब्राहाम खान को एक बड़ी सेना के साथ बंगाल आक्रमण करने भेजा। अब्राहाम खान पटना के सभी सैनिकों के साथ बंगाल में प्रवेश किया और जेसोर की ओर बढ़ गया। आसन्न युद्ध की खबर सुनते ही, सरदार शंकर सैन्यसंयोग शुरू किया। जेसोर में मौटाला गढ़ के पास, शंकर एक विस्तृत दो-तरफा संरचना बनाई। जब मुघल सेना मौटाला आया तो सेनापति शंकर के निर्देश से बंगाल के सेना ने दो दिशाओं से आक्रमण करना शुरू कर दिया। ऐसे दोतरफा हमले में अधिकांश मुघल सेना की मौत हो गई और बाकी मुगल सेना डर के मारे जेसोर सेना में शामिल हो गई। अब्राहाम खान को बंदी बना लिया गया।</p><p><br /></p><p>3) राजमहल का युद्ध : </p><p><br /></p><p>वीर सेनापति शंकर चक्रवर्ती अब साम्राज्य विस्तार करना शुरू किया। लगभग पच्चीस हजार सैनिकों के साथ उसने राजमहल पर हमला किया। शंकर चक्रवर्ती की नेतृत्व में बंगाल की सेना गंगा के तट पर राजमहल में शेर खान की मुघल सेना के साथ भीषण लड़ाई लड़ी। आखिरकार नवाब की सेना हार गई और शेर खान दिल्ली भाग गया । इसके बाद सम्पूर्ण बिहार से मुघलो को खदेड़ कर इसे बंगाल के स्वतंत्र हिंदू शासन में लाया गया ।</p><p><br /></p><p>(4) कालिन्द्री की युद्ध (1603): </p><p><br /></p><p>1603 में मुगल बादशाह जहांगीर बंगाल आक्रमण के लिए लड़ने के लिए मान सिंह के साथ 22 मुघल उमराह फौजदार भेजे। जेसोर पर हमले के दौरान कालिंदी नदी के पूर्वी तट पर बसंतपुर क्षेत्र में एक शिविर का निर्माण करते हुए, उन्होंने देखा कि सरदार शंकर उनके चारों ओर सैनिकों की व्यवस्था करके युद्ध का सारा इंतज़ाम करके रखे है । बसंतपुर-शीतलपुर क्षेत्र में बंगाल के सेना और मुघल सेना के बीच एक भीषण लड़ाई लड़ी गई थी। सरदार शंकर के नेतृत्व में युद्धग्रस्त बंगाल सेना की छापामार नौकाओं के हमले में मुघल सेना व्यावहारिक रूप से विध्वस्त हो गया। 22 मुघल उमराह में 12 युद्ध मे मारे गए थे और अन्य 10 अपनी जान बचाने के लिए युद्ध के मैदान से भाग गए थे। सरदार शंकर का महाकालस्वरूप उग्रमूर्ति देख मान सिंह मैदान छोड़ के भाग गया । </p><p><br /></p><p>सरदार शंकर चक्रवर्ती धर्म और राष्ट्र के रक्षा के लिए अनेक लड़ाईया लड़े । अपने जीवन के अंतिम समय मे उन्होंने ब्रह्मचर्य को अपनाया और तपस्या करके जीवन बिताया । बारासात इलाके में उनके खोदित पुष्करिणी "शंकरपुकुर" के नाम से आज भी उनके स्मृति का याद दिलाता है । मुघलों के खिलाफ उनके संघर्ष की कहानी ब्राह्मणों के वीरता को एक अलग आयाम दिया है। जाती की मन मे सरदार शंकर की स्मृति जगाने के लिए कलकत्ता निगम की पहल पर दक्षिण कोलकाता के कालीघाट की एक गली का नाम 'सरदार शंकर रोड' रखा गया है। स्मरण के उद्देश्य से एक पत्थर की पटिया पर खुदा हुआ -</p>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-92070278215819964432021-10-25T18:04:00.002-07:002021-10-25T18:04:41.012-07:00ब्राह्मण महारानी नाग्निका सातकर्णी <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8CVOEt04JkAQKolyfU-Uq9_DNjn4WEI9sd3tJT0OWCZ4Zr9_Pd8DuMx52nq0WpKLEWXynBSNJDd9dw9YYUBY7eO0OsoTvk5da7BBprXEJDd4MyClKfVKqS0SuDXljHCBxcNIvSjfuMcI/s1792/6A14910B-3A11-4E57-BC97-7D2A8E8F3DA1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1792" data-original-width="828" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8CVOEt04JkAQKolyfU-Uq9_DNjn4WEI9sd3tJT0OWCZ4Zr9_Pd8DuMx52nq0WpKLEWXynBSNJDd9dw9YYUBY7eO0OsoTvk5da7BBprXEJDd4MyClKfVKqS0SuDXljHCBxcNIvSjfuMcI/s320/6A14910B-3A11-4E57-BC97-7D2A8E8F3DA1.png" width="148" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>ब्राह्मण महारानी नाग्निका सातकर्णी </p><p><br /></p><p>विश्व की पहली साम्राज्ञी,ब्राह्मण कुलवधू,सातवाहन ब्राह्मण वंश की महारानी नाग्निका सातकर्णी</p><p><br /></p><p>ध्यान दीजिए भारत ही नहीं अपितु पुरे विश्व की पहली सम्रागी शासिका बनी थी श्री सातकर्णि की अर्धांगिनी नागनिका.. </p><p><br /></p><p>पुष्यमित्र शुंग के शासनकाल के बाद लगभग 518 वर्षों तक सातवाहन ( शालिवाहन ) राजवंश का समृद्ध इतिहास मिलता है इसी वंश की तीसरी पीढ़ी की राज-शासिका थी-‘नागनिका’ </p><p>विश्व के इतिहास में नागनिका पहली महिला-शासक मानी जाती है नागनिका सम्राट सिमुक सातवाहन की पुत्रवधू तथा श्री सातकर्णी की पत्नी थी , </p><p>युवावस्था में ही श्री सातकर्णी का निधन हो जाने से वह राज्य-कार्यभार सँभालती है सातवाहन काल में राज्य शासन केंद्र था वृहद् महाराष्ट्र,जिसमें कर्णाटक-कोंकण तक सम्मिलित थे जिसकी राजधानी प्रतिष्ठान (पैठण) थी.. </p><p><br /></p><p>सातवाहन (शालिवाहन) काल में सीरिया, बेबीलोनिया के असुरी शक्तिओ का प्रभाव था यह इतने क्रुर थे जहाँ भी जाते थे लूटपाट मचाते थे , सनातन संस्कृति को नष्ट करना इनका मूल उद्देश्य होता था.. </p><p><br /></p><p>जब श्री सातकर्णि शालिवाहन सम्राट का युद्ध में निधन हुआ तो असुरी शक्ति के प्रभाव से शालिवाहन साम्राज्य को नुक्सान भी हुआ था वस्तुतः राष्ट्रनिर्माण हो जाने पर राष्ट्रविकास की संकल्पना को पूर्ण करते समय प्रथम और सर्वाधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य सीमा रक्षण का होता है जिसमे चूंक होना विनाश का बुलावा होता है.. </p><p><br /></p><p>आज भी इन बातों पर गम्भीरता से विचार करने की आवश्यकता है राज्य सबल, सुन्दर, विकसित और सम्पन्न तभी हो सकेगा जब राष्ट्र निर्भय होगा , </p><p>हम शान्तिप्रिय हैं और हम अहिंसा के पुजारी हैं इसका कोई, मनमाना अर्थ न निकाल ले इसलिए हमें अपने राष्ट्र को सामर्थ्यशाली साधन सम्पन्न बनाना चाहिए.. </p><p><br /></p><p>किसी को इस भ्रम में नहीं रहना चाहिए कोई शत्रु कभी हम पर आक्रमण नहीं करेगा दुष्ट और हिंसक प्रवृत्तियाँ कभी समाप्त नहीं होती हैं यथावसर ऐसी प्रवृत्तियाँ विश्व-विनाशकारी सिद्ध होती हैं इसलिए राष्ट्रसेना सुरक्षित, सुसज्जित और प्रशिक्षित होनी चाहिए.. </p><p><br /></p><p>इसी वैचारिकता को आत्म सात करते हुए महारानी नागनिका ने कहा -भविष्य में हम अपने राष्ट्र में अन्तरिम और बाह्य कैसे भी विद्रोह अथवा आक्रमण को क्षमा नहीं करेंगे महामन्त्री सुशर्मा ! आप इस समाचार को त्वरित प्रसारित करने की व्यवस्था कीजिए !’’– महारानी नागनिका ने गर्जना की.. </p><p>वीरांगना सम्रागी नागनिका सातकर्णि ने शालिवाहन साम्राज्य और वैदिक हिन्दू संस्कृति के सूर्य को कभी अस्त नहीं होने दिया साम्रगी नागनिका के समय 781-764 (ई.पूर्व) 6 युद्ध हुये अस्सीरिया मेसोपोटामिया (Mesopotami , Assyria) के असुरों के खिलाफ शाल्मनेसेर चतुर्थ 773 (ई.पूर्व)और आशूर निरारि पंचम 755 (ई.पूर्व) यह असुर प्रजाति के थे यह जिस राज्य में कदम रखते थे वहाँ के नारियों को यह अपना निशाना बनाते थे , दर्दनाक शारीरिक यातनाओं से गुजरना पड़ता था ना केवल धन लूटते थे अपितु संस्कृति का विनाश कर देते थे..</p><p>यह कोई सौ पचास हज़ार की तादात में सेना लेकर नहीं आते थे यह मेसोपोटमिया के असुर दल लाखों की संख्या में सेना लेकर आते थे, सम्रागी नागनिका के राज्य शासन की राजधानी महाराष्ट्रा थी, इन्होंने कई लड़ाईयां लड़ी शाल्मनेसेर चतुर्थ के साथ प्रथम लड़ाई लड़ी गई थी जहाँ इतिहासकार "रोबर्ट वालमन" ने अपनी पुस्तक "वर्ल्ड फर्स्ट वारियर" में लिखा हैं "सम्रागी नागनिका ने अरब तक राज्य विस्तार की थी उनके तलवार के आगे 157 विदेशी असुरों ने घुटने टेक दिये थे"</p><p><br /></p><p>आगे "शुभांगी भदभदे" नाम की इतिहासकार "सम्रागी नागनिका नमक उपन्यास" में लिखती हैं "असुर- निरारि पंचम की 1,36,000 संख्या वाली दानव शक्ति को नाग्निका ने भारत की पुण्यभूमि से बहुत बुरी तरह खदेड़ दिया था, साम्रगी नागनिका के मृत्यु के पश्चात भी इन दानवों की हिम्मत नहीं हो पायी दोबारा आर्यावर्त पे आक्रमण करने की सम्रागी नागनिका बेबीलोनिया, मेसोपोटमिया और अरबी हमलावरों को भारत से ना केवल खदेडती थी अपितु उनका पूर्णरूप से विनाश कर देती थी ,ताकि ये बर्बर आक्रमणकारि दोबारा सनातन राष्ट्र भारत पर आक्रमण करने का सोच भी ना सके यह प्रसिद्ध लड़ाइयाँ कर्णाटक-कोंकण पैठण में लड़ी गयी थी"</p><p><br /></p><p>सम्रागी नागनिका ना केवल एक कुशल महारानी साथ ही साथ सनातन हिन्दू संस्कृति के संरक्षण के लिए अवतरित हुई एक विलक्षण,रण कौशलिनी, युद्ध के 49 कला से निपुण शासिका थी, शत्रुओं के बल और दर्प (घमण्ड) का अन्त तो करती थी साथ ही साथ अगर ज़रूरत होती थी तो शत्रु का पूर्णरूप से मा दुर्गा की तरह नाश कर देती थी..</p><p><br /></p><p>सम्रागी नागनिका सातकर्णि अतिकुशल राजनीतिज्ञ भी थी उन्होंने राजनीती के बल पर घोर विरोधी राज्य को भी बिना युद्ध लड़े एक छत्र शासन में ले आई थी...!</p><p><br /></p><p>विश्व की पहली सम्रागी नागनिका सातकर्णि पहली शासिका थी जिन्होंने युद्ध में नेतृत्व करते हुए खुद भी युद्ध लड़ी थी असुर दलों के विरुद्ध और अरब तक राज्य विस्तार की थी.. </p><p><br /></p><p>ज़रा सोचिये मित्रो यह बात कोई आधुनिक ज़माने की बात नहीं हैं यह बात 782(ई.पूर्व) की बात हैं यह तब की बात हैं जब यूरोप में कोई शासिका बनना तो दूर घर से चौखट लांग कर जाने तक के लिए पूछना पड़ता था, </p><p>तब हमारे भारत की नारी सम्रागी बन कर भारत का सनातनी भगवा ध्वज अरब में लहराई थी...!</p><p><br /></p><p>नाग्निका विश्व की पहली महारानी हैं जिनके नाम का सिक्का निकला था...!</p><p><br /></p><p>साभार ऐतिहासिक तथ्य साक्ष्य </p><p>रोबर्ट वालमन by वर्ल्ड फर्स्ट वारियर</p><p>शुभांगी भदभदे by सम्रागी नागनिका उपन्यास</p>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-74641740301485890092021-10-24T17:24:00.000-07:002021-10-24T17:24:21.746-07:00Chennabhairadevi, the queen of Gersoppa (Karnataka) Protected from Portuguese <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcJ-Dq0vcJyBYoXzBBoY5kCsNII1ZE_ezqCEYxifRErR3MT_4t_Hfce_zYOLprUsMuNedHQsh262K96gLrZvpoY90KNK-I50R0QMjGLi_fIf3B8Zsi5__62pNX6khSqFUcQJfKWQCC87M/s958/0EFB8AED-1845-4993-9986-E89FDDB044D5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="958" data-original-width="779" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcJ-Dq0vcJyBYoXzBBoY5kCsNII1ZE_ezqCEYxifRErR3MT_4t_Hfce_zYOLprUsMuNedHQsh262K96gLrZvpoY90KNK-I50R0QMjGLi_fIf3B8Zsi5__62pNX6khSqFUcQJfKWQCC87M/s320/0EFB8AED-1845-4993-9986-E89FDDB044D5.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p>She is Rani Chennabhairadevi, the queen of Gersoppa (Karnataka), who protected her kingdom from Portugese attacks and intrusion for 54 long years. She one of the longest serving queens of India, ruling from 1552 to 1606 CE! She built the robust Mirjan Fort in Uttara Kannada to check Portugese attacks. She was known as the Pepper Queen. The Portugese feared her.</p><p><br /></p><p>During this time of October in 1505, Francisco de Almeida started office as the Viceroy of Portugese India with headquarters at Kochi. Thereafter, they started building forts in several locations and expanded their base and trading of pepper and other spices. By the time Rani Chennabhairadevi became the ruler, the Portugese had already established a strong base. She drove away the Portugese from her kingdom and involved in several wars against them, emerging victorious.</p><p><br /></p><p>Besides the small conflicts, Chennabhairadevi involved in two major wars against the Portuguese when D Constantino de Braganza was the Viceroy and when D Luis de Ataide held that position. So badly were the Portugese defeated that they gave up the idea of attacking her kingdom. Chennabhairadevi’s story of valor is described in detail in a chapter in #SaffronSwords Vol 2 along with 51 more chapters/episodes of valor of our warrior ancestors from 8th century to Independence. It is under publication by Garuda Prakashan and will be released soon. Hitharth S Bhatt did an illustration on Rani Chennabhairadevi for the book. Saffron Swords Vol 1 link: https://www.amazon.in/Saffron-Swords-Authors-Manoshi-Yogaditya/dp/B07Q139493.</p><p><br /></p><p>Had Rani Chennabhairadevi not shown her military might and had she not offered resistance continuously, India would have been under Portugese rule for centuries. We all know about the Goa Inquisition after Goa fell under Portugese wherein the Hindus were m@ssacred, converted and not allowed to follow rituals. Hundreds of temples were v@ndalized by the Portugese. </p><p><br /></p><p>Attacks by Adharmics continue to this day. Self defence and retaliation is the need of the hour. </p><p><br /></p><p>- Manoshi Sinha; attached image is the cover of Kannada book on Chennabhairadevi by Dr Gajanana Sharma.</p><p><br /></p><p>From the Facebook wall of Manoshi Sinha</p>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-44967471362411062282020-01-15T19:45:00.000-08:002020-01-15T19:45:05.284-08:00Maratha and Rajput and then Sikhs were savior of Hindus in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 13px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Umaid Bhavan Palace is the abode of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> rulers of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar" style="color: #776644; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; user-select: text !important;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start; user-select: text !important;"> शूर बाहुषु लॊकॊ ऽयं लम्बते पुत्र वत सदा</span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start; user-select: text !important;"> तस्मात सर्वास्व अवस्थासु शूरः संमानम अर्हति || 17</span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start; user-select: text !important;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start; user-select: text !important;"> न हि शौर्यात परं किं चित तरिषु लॊकेषु विद्यते</span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start; user-select: text !important;"> शूरः सर्वं पालयति सर्वं शूरे परतिष्ठितम || 18</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; user-select: text !important;">Arms of the brave (kshatriya) always support and sustain the people like (a father his) son.<br />A brave (kshatriya) is, for this reason, honored by all, in all situations.<br />There is nothing in all the three worlds, which is beyond (the reach of) bravery.<br />Brave (kshatriya) sustains all, and all depend upon the brave.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">(Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, 99. 17-18)</span></div>
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<big><b>Rajput</b>, </big>(<big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>:<i><span style="user-select: text !important;"> </span>raja-putra</i>: "son of a king") is a hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> caste. The Rajputs trace their origins to the ancient<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> dynasties of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="India">India</a>. It is estimated that currently there are 12 million Rajputs.</big></div>
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<big> Although Rajput's bravery is known to many and it is filled from Mahabharat era or before that but here we will talk about few brave Rajputs, Jats King that were ruling parts of Rajasthan during Satanic Muslim rule of Aurangzeb.</big></div>
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<big><big style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">Maharajah Jaswant Singh</span></big><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> </span></big></div>
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<big><big>In the Battle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmatpur" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Dharmatpur">Dharmatpur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a> opposed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. The battle was fought on 15th April <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1658" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="1658">1658</a>, fifteen miles from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>. Jaswant could have attacked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> but he allowed Murad's armies to join <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. He was desirous of beating both Mughal princes at once. This delay allowed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> to win over the Mughal general, Kasim Khan, who was sent by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> to help <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a>. Kasim Khan defected as soon as the war started but 30,000 <strong class="selflink">rajputs</strong> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant</a> decided that they would not leave the field. Some prominent generals in Maharaja's army were Mukund Singh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Hara">Hara</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotah" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Kotah">Kotah</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Bundi">Bundi</a>, Dayal Das <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhala" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Jhala">Jhala</a>, Arjun <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Gaur">Gaur</a> of Rajgarh in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> province and Ratan Singh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlam" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ratlam">Ratlam</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant</a> attacked both Aurangzeb and Murad and they barely escaped. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tod" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="James Tod">James Tod</a> in <i>Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan:</i></big></big></div>
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<big>Ten thousand Muslims fell in the onset, which cost seventeen hundred <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathores</a>, besides <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhilote" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Guhilote">Guhilotes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Hara">Haras</a>, Gaurs, and some of every clan of Rajwarra. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Murad">Murad</a> only escaped because their days were not yet numbered. Notwithstanding the immense superiority of the imperial princes, aided by numerous artillery served by Frenchmen, night alone put a stop to the contest of science, numbers, and artillery, against <strong class="selflink">Rajput</strong> courage.</big></blockquote>
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<yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;">जब एक हुए राजपूत जाट ओर मराठा -महाराज अजित सिंह का इतिहास /mharaj ajit singh history</yt-formatted-string></h1>
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<big>Finally, the unequal contest ended and Aurangzeb named the place of victory Fatehabad. Durga Singh Rathore was wounded bad but recovered. Aurangzeb in meantime killed Jaswant Singh's son Prithvi after offering a poisoned shirt. Later Maharaja Jaswant Singh died.</big></div>
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<big><big>When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a> died he had no son and this gave <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> a chance to appoint a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> as the ruler of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>. This upset <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a> Rajputs a lot. Two of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Jaswant_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharaja Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a>'s queens were pregnant when he died. One queen gave birth to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ajit Singh">Ajit Singh</a> and other to Dalathamban. After Ajit's birth, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a> generals, chief among them was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Das_Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Durga Das Rathore">Durga Das Rathore</a> (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnot" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Karnot">Karnot</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rathore">Rathore</a>) went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> along with the queens and the infants, and asked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> that crown of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> should be given to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ajit Singh">Ajit Singh</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> was very cunning and he had no intention of handing over the throne of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>. He suggested that Ajit should grow up in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Harem">harem</a> but internally he wanted to kill them all.</big></big></div>
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<big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Das_Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Durga Das Rathore">Durga Das</a> sensed this and they smuggled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Ajit Singh">Ajit Singh</a> out of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to the outskirts of the city. When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughal">Mughal</a> army came to capture them in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Das_Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Durga Das Rathore">Durga Das</a> and his men attacked the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughals" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and started riding out of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Raghunandan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhati" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Bhati">Bhati</a> and others soaked the streets of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in crimson by flowing the blood of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughal">Mughal</a> pursuers. There were about three hundred Rajputs with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Das_Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Durga Das Rathore">Durga Das</a> and there were thousands of pursuing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughals" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>. Every so often 15 - 20 Rajputs would fall behind attack the Mughal pursuers and in the process get themselves killed but it allowed the forward party to create some distance between Ajit and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughal">Mughals</a>. This continued till the evening by which time the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mughal">Mughals</a> had given up and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Das_Rathore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Durga Das Rathore">Durga Das</a> was left with just seven men out of three hundred he started with and reached <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> along with Ajit Singh.</big></div>
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<big><span style="font-size: 9.02778px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Mehrangarh Fort and Jaswant Thada. Fort construction was completed during Maharajah Jaswant Singh's reign. </span></big></div>
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<big>Thereby started the 30 year Rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> forces combined together and almost killed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> when he was trapped in the mountains of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewar" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> king out of magnanimity allowed<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> to escape. All the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> were plundered by <strong class="selflink">Rajputs</strong> and they started looting various treasuries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. To crush them <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> sent many expeditions but no success. These expeditions and drying up of revenue from trade routes running through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> had severe effect on his resources. In addition the lion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, had freed almost all of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and was at constant war with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> had some Rajput ancestry. Finally, on his death-bed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> complained that his life had been a complete failure. He was the sole reason for Mughal empire's crumbling. His war campaigns had practically left the treasury dry for his progeny.</big></div>
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<big><big style="text-align: left;">Lakshman Dev was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kashmir</a> in 1670 A.D. He was a Minhas Rajput and lived as an ascetic <span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-size: 15.6px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; user-select: text !important;">at Nander on the banks of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Godavari</a> in Maharashtra</span></span></span>.</big><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> </span></big></div>
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<big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the tenth guru of Sikhs, met Lakshman at his hermitage and encouraged him to give up his ascetic way of life and resume the duties of a real Rajput. Guruji gave Lakshman a new name: Banda Bhadur and asked him to lead Khalsa, the Sikh army to punish the Governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan, who was personally responsible for the death of Guruji's family and thousands of Sikhs and Hindus. When Banda was on his way to Punjab, Guru Gobind Singh was assassinated by Pathans on the orders of Wazir Khan. Banda Bhadur was not disheartened by this news rather the fire of vengeance started burning stronger in his heart. He continued his journey and raided the Mughal treasuries at Sonepat and Kaithal and used it to strengthen his army. He then destroyed the Mughal armies at Samana, Kunjpura, Ghuram, Thaska and Mustafabad. At Damla the Pathans were routed. When on his way from Mustafabad to Sadhaura (which literally means the abode of Sadhus, was a buddhist holy centre), he heard of indecencies which Qadam-ud-din, ruler of Kapuri, was prone to inflict on the Hindu population, the ascetic Banda decided to punish the Muslim ruler. Kapuri was destroyed and Qadam-ud-din perished.</big></div>
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<big><big>At Sadhaura the well garrisoned Mughal fort was stormed and the ruler Osman Khan, who committed atrocities against Hindus was killed. In February 1710 he established the first Sikh Kingdom with its capital at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohgarh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Lohgarh</a>, 20 KM south of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Nahan</a>. His kingdom was bounded in the north by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivalik" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Shivalik</a> hills, on the west by river Tangri, on the east by river Jamuna and in the south by a line passing through Samana, Thanesar, Kaithal and Karnal. He abolished the Mughal control of land in his kingdom and made the peasants owner of the land. Guru Gobind Singh's dream of political sovereignty was realized by Banda Bhadur within one year of his death.<br /><br />Banda's name struck terror in the hearts of Muslims, lawless people and dacoits. Robbery, thefts and persecution of Hindus and Sikhs became a thing of the past. His army kept growing and finally he attacked Wazir Khan, the governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhind" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Sirhind</a>. Wazir Khan's army consisted of 30,000 men and Banda had about 15,000 men. Banda first stormed Banur, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambala" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Ambala</a>, as the Muslims of this town used to seize cows and oxen of Hindus and slaughter them in there presence. Battle was fought on May 12, 1710 A.D. at Chappar Chiri, 20 KMs from Sirhind. Wazir Khan and several of his commanders were killed in the battle and his army completely destroyed. Khafi Khan, a chronicler of the time records</big><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></big><br />
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<big><big>. . . not a man of the army of Islam escaped with more than his life and the clothes he stood in. Horsemen and footmen fell under the swords of the infidels [Sikhs] who pursued them as far as Sirhind.</big></big></blockquote>
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<big>Sirhind was stormed and thus Banda avenged the murder of Guru Gobind Singh and his sons by killing Wazir Khan. Soon other towns were won by Banda and his army. Rai Kot, Saharanpur, Jalalabad, Ludhiana, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur, Batala, Kalanaur and Pathankot were won. The Mughal King of Delhi tried his best to suppress Banda Bhadur but "There was no nobleman daring enough to march from Delhi against them", comments the Mughal source.<br /><br />Banda Bhadur attracted a lot of people from the plains of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Haryana</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Punjab</a> to the fold of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Sikhism</a> as he gave them an opportunity to fight against the tyranny and unjust oppression of the Muslim rulers.</big></big></div>
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<big><big><big>it was the strength of Rajput sword and later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Sikh"> Sikh</a> swords that kept Hinduism alive in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="India">India</a>. If there were no<strong class="selflink">Rajputs</strong>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="India">India</a>, then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="India">India</a> would be just like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in terms of religion of the population. Every month, in the 1000 year presence of Muslims in India there were bloody wars between Hindus and Muslims. This is quite unlike other countries like Iran, where non-Muslims, after loosing a couple of wars gave the Muslims a free hand in converting there population to Islam.</big></big></big></div>
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<big>Presence of Rajput generals in Mughal army was a blessing in disguise for the Hindu population as the Mughal army when headed by a rajput general could not engage in wanton destruction of Hindu temples as well as mass conversion of Hindus to Islam. The preservance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in India by the Rajput sword against the entire might of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> rulers is the most glorious achievement by a race in the annals of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="World history">world history</a> and every one should know this fact, more so <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Indian">Indians</a> and most definitely each and every Rajput.</big></div>
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<big>In his <i>Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tod" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="James Tod">James Tod</a> wrote:</big></div>
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<big>What nation on earth could have maintained the semblance of civilization, the spirit or the customs of their forefathers, during so many centuries of overwhelming depression, but one of such singular character as the Rajpoot? . . . Rajasthan exhibits the sole example in the history of mankind, of a people withstanding every outrage barbarity could inflict, or human nature sustain, from a foe whose religion (Islam) commands annihilation; and bent to the earth, yet rising buoyant from the pressure, and making calamity a whetstone to courage. . . . Not an iota of their religion or customs have they lost. . . .</big></blockquote>
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<big>Contrast this to how Muslims converted entire Iranian kingdom, where a very ancient religion of Zoroaster flourished, on the edge of the sword in a very short amount of time and Spain which was conquered and ruled by Islam for 700 years was majority Muslim state till Spanish Christian Kings began driving out the moors and reconverted Muslims back to Christianity. In India, Hindu religion has no concept of conversion. One has to be a born Hindu. (Though of late as a reaction to conversion of tribals by missionaries some Hindu groups have concocted a recipe to make a person Hindu!)</big></div>
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<big>This section is from Page 3 of: The Parsees, Their History, Manners, Customs & Religion. Dosabhoy Framjee. Pub: London: Smith, Elder and Co., 65, Cornhill: 1858.</big></div>
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<big>Suffice it to say, that with Yezdezird, the forty-fifth king in the descent of the race of Kaimurs, ended the ancient Persian monarchy. The neighbouring and wealthy empire of Persia presented too tempting a prize to the fanatic and ambitious spirit, evoked by Mahomed, to remain long unmolested, and in the middle of the seventh century of the Christian era, the Arab sword invaded Persia, under Caliph Omar. In a fierce and well-contested battle with the Persians at the village of Nahavand, about fifty miles from the ancient city of Ecbatana, the fate of the empire was decided.....Yezdezird, abandoning his kingdom as lost, fled the country; and after wandering in solitude and disguise for a period of ten years, was at last treacherously slain by a miller to whom the secret of his identity had been confided (651 AD). ....<br /><br />Thus on the conquest of Persia, the Mahomedan soldiers of the Caliphat of Baghdad traversed the length and breadth of the country, presenting the alternative of death or the Koran, and compelling the conquered nation to accept the one or the other. By these oppressive and cruel means, a hundred thousand persons are said to have daily abjured the faith of there forefathers; and the fire-temples and other sacred places were destroyed or converted into mosques.</big></blockquote>
<big>To escape the sword of Islam some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Zoroastrians</a> landed on the coast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Gujarat</a> in 716 A.D. Rajput king of Gujarat gave them land to settle and put no religious restriction on the Zoroastrians. The magnanimity of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Hindu</a> King allowed the Zoroastrian religion to flourish. In modern era some of the top industrialists of India e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">J.R.D. Tata</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeshir_Godrej" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Ardeshir Godrej</a>, symphony conductor<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Zubin Mehta</a>, etc. belong to the the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Parsi</a> (Zoroastrian) community.</big></div>
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<big>DEFINITION</big></big></h2>
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<big>Rajputs (Rajaputra) are a sub-group of hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> varna. They have a hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jati" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Jati">Jati</a> (an endogamous group within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>social system). Rajputs are literally sons-of-kings. They are divided into 36 major clans, names of which are recorded in several texts including the <i>Kumarpala Charita</i> of Jayasimha, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Prithviraj Raso">Prithviraj Raso</a></i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandbardai" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;" title="Chandbardai">Chandbardai</a>.</big></div>
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<big>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_veda" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Rig Veda</a> is the first and most important of the four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Vedas</a> and rajput rishis (rajrishi) are mentioned in it. To each of its hymns the name of the seer or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Rishi</a> to whom it was revealed is prefixed. It thus becomes evident on the authority of these very names (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasishtha" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Vasishta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishvamitra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Viswamitra</a></big><big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishvamitra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">,</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Agastya</a>, etc.), all of which belong to men born in various manvantaras, that centuries, and perhaps millenniums, must have elapsed between the dates of their composition. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Gayatri</span></a>, the most sacred hymn of the Rig Veda, is taken from the third of the ten cycles of hymns, the cycle of the <span style="font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">Rajaputra</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwamitra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Sage Viswamitra</a>.</big></div>
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<big><span style="font-size: x-small; user-select: text !important;"> राजपुत्रौ कुशलिनौ भरातरौ रामलक्ष्मणौ</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small; user-select: text !important;"> सर्वशाखा मृगेन्द्रेण सुग्रीवेणाभिपालितौ</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11.05px; user-select: text !important;">The two brothers, rajaputra Rama and Lakshmana, fare well protected by Sugriva, the lord of all monkeys.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.05px; font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">(Mahabharata, Ramopakhayana, 3.266.61)</span></div>
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<big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Bhagwan Ram</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmana" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Lakshmana</a> are referred to as Rajaputra in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Mahabharata</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Bhagwan Buddha</a> was also referred to as Rajaputra in Buddhist texts. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Davids" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Dr. Rhys Davids</a> in his "<span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Buddhism, Its History and Literature</span>: Page 27" says about Lord Buddha: </big><br />
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<big><span style="font-size: 13.26px; user-select: text !important;">The family name was certainly Gautama.......It is a curious fact that Gautama is still the family name of the Rajput chiefs of Nagara, the village which has been identified with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapilavastu" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kapilavastu</a>.</span></big></blockquote>
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स राजपुत्रो ववृधे आशु शुक्ल इवोडुपः</div>
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आपूर्यमाणः पितृभिः काष्ठाभिरिव सोऽन्वहम्</div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.05px; user-select: text !important;">As the moon, in its waxing fortnight, develops day after day, so the rajaputra [Parikshit] very soon developed luxuriantly under the care and full facilities of his guardian grandfathers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11.05px; font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">(Srimad Bhagavatam, 1.12.311)</span></div>
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<big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimanyu" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Abhimanyu</a>'s son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikshita" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Parikshit</a> is called Rajaputra in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srimad_Bhagavatam" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Bhagvat Purana</a>. Rajaputras have also been referred to in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilya" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kautilya</a>'s (350-283 B.C) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;"><span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Arthashashtra</span>,</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kalidasa</a>'s (1st century B.C) <span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Malvikagnimitra</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asvaghosha" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Asvaghosha</a>'s (80-150 A.D.) <span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Saundarananda</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banabhatta" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Banbhatta</a>'s (7th century A.D.) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha_Charitha" style="color: #776644; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Harshacharita</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadambari" style="color: #776644; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kadambari</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhana" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kalhana</a>'s (12th century A.D.) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajatarangini" style="color: #776644; font-style: italic; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Rajatarangini</a>.</big><br />
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<big>Damodarpur copper-plate inscription of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_Gupta_I" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kumaragupta III</a> (533 A.D)</big><big> records that the Governor of Bhukti of Pundravardhana,</big><big>Rajaputra-Dev-Bhattaraka,</big><big> was a son of the emperor, bearing the title Uparika Maharaja and 'rendering his homage to the king'</big><big>. Rajputra are also mentioned in Sumandala Copper Plate inscription of Prithvigraha, Gupta era (570 A.D). There are Rajputra references in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Licchavi</a> inscriptions (Recorded in D.R. Regimi's, <span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Inscriptions of Ancient Nepal</span>, Abhinav Publications, ISBN</big><span class="smallselect" style="user-select: text !important;"> 0391025597</span><big>). Rajputra Vajraratha, Babharuvarma, and Deshavarma are mentioned in the inscriptions of Sikubahi (Shankhamul) which describe the reigns of Licchavi kings Gangadeva (567-573 A.D) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amshuvarma" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Amshuvarma</a> (605-621 A.D) respectively. The inscriptions of Sanga mentions the name of Rajputra Vikramasena, Gnoli inscription mentions Rajaputra Jayadeva, inscription of Deopatan mentions Rajputra Shurasena, and the inscriptions of Adeshwar mentions the Rajaputras<span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;"></span>Nandavarma, Jishnuvarma and Bhimavarma.<br /><br />In 606 A.D. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshavardhana" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">King Harshavardhana</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Kannauj</a> was crowned as <span style="font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important;">Rajaputra Siladitya.</span> Following excerpt from Page 146, of<span style="font-style: italic; user-select: text !important;">Advanced History of India</span> written by R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta, ISBN 0333 90298 X:</big></div>
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<big>It is however, certain that Harsha found himself at the head of the kingdom of his brother as well as that of his brother-in-law. But he contended himself at first with the modest title of Rajaputra Siladitya.</big></blockquote>
<big>Apshad inscription of Adityasena (8th century A.D) mentions Madhavagupta who is identical with Madhavgupta, the Malawa Rajaputra of Bana's Harshacharita. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadol" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Nadol</a> Plates of 1161 A.D. mention Rajaputra Kirtipal, the progenitor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songara" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Songara</a> (Svarnagiri)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauhan" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Chauhan</a> dynasty of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalore" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Jalore</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="color: #776644; text-decoration-line: none; user-select: text !important;">Delhi</a> Shivalik Pillar inscription, dating to A.D. 1163 of Chauhan King Virgharaj IV (Bisaldev) refers to his Mahamantri (Chief Minister) as Rajaputra Sallakshanpal.</big></div>
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<big><a href="http://hindurajput.blogspot.com/2006/07/arms-of-brave-kshatriya-always-support.html" target="_blank">Brave kshatriya-Rajput</a></big></div>
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-8789130855569721402019-11-22T23:39:00.000-08:002019-11-22T23:39:24.174-08:00मध्यकालीन भारत के इतिहास की हक़ीक़त <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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मध्यकालीन भारत के इतिहास की हक़ीक़त ........</div>
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बाबर ने मुश्किल से कोई 4 वर्ष राज किया। हुमायूं को ठोक पीटकर भगा दिया। मुग़ल साम्राज्य की नींव अकबर ने डाली और जहाँगीर, शाहजहाँ से होते हुए औरंगजेब आते आते उखड़ गया।</div>
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कुल 100 वर्ष (अकबर 1556ई. से औरंगजेब 1658ई. तक) के समय के स्थिर शासन को मुग़ल काल नाम से इतिहास में एक पूरे पार्ट की तरह पढ़ाया जाता है....<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit; user-select: text !important;"><br />मानो सृष्टि आरम्भ से आजतक के कालखण्ड में तीन भाग कर बीच के मध्यकाल तक इन्हीं का राज रहा....!</span></div>
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अब इस स्थिर (?) शासन की तीन चार पीढ़ी के लिए कई किताबें, पाठ्यक्रम, सामान्य ज्ञान, प्रतियोगिता परीक्षाओं में प्रश्न, विज्ञापनों में गीत, ....इतना हल्ला मचा रखा है, मानो पूरा मध्ययुग इन्हीं 100 वर्षों के इर्द गिर्द ही है।</div>
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जबकि उक्त समय में मेवाड़ इनके पास नहीं था। दक्षिण और पूर्व भी एक सपना ही था।</div>
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अब जरा विचार करें..... क्या भारत में अन्य तीन चार पीढ़ी और शताधिक वर्ष पर्यन्त राज्य करने वाले वंशों को इतना महत्त्व या स्थान मिला है ?</div>
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अकेला विजयनगर साम्राज्य ही 300 वर्ष तक टिका रहा। हीरे माणिक्य की हम्पी नगर में मण्डियां लगती थीं</div>
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महाभारत युद्ध के बाद 1006 वर्ष तक जरासन्ध वंश के 22 राजाओं ने ।</div>
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5 प्रद्योत वंश के राजाओं ने 138 वर्ष ,</div>
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10 शैशुनागों ने 360 वर्षों तक ,</div>
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9 नन्दों ने 100 वर्षों तक ,</div>
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12 मौर्यों ने 316 वर्ष तक ,</div>
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10 शुंगों ने 300 वर्ष तक ,</div>
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4 कण्वों ने 85 वर्षों तक ,</div>
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33 आंध्रों ने 506 वर्ष तक ,</div>
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7 गुप्तों ने 245 वर्ष तक राज्य किया ।</div>
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फिर विक्रमादित्य ने 100 वर्षों तक राज्य किया था ।</div>
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इतने महान् सम्राट होने पर भी भारत के इतिहास में गुमनाम कर दिए गए ।</div>
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उनका वर्णन करते समय इतिहासकारों को मुँह का कैंसर हो जाता है। सामान्य ज्ञान की किताबों में पन्ने कम पड़ जाते है। पाठ्यक्रम के पृष्ठ सिकुड़ जाते है। प्रतियोगी परीक्षकों के हृदय पर हल चल जाते हैं।</div>
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वामपंथी इतिहासकारों ने नेहरूवाद का मल भक्षण कर, जो उल्टियाँ की उसे ज्ञान समझ चाटने वाले चाटुकारों...!<br />तुम्हे धिक्कार है !!!</div>
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यह सब कैसे और किस उद्देश्य से किया गया ये अभी तक हम ठीक से समझ नहीं पाए हैं और ना हम समझने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं।</div>
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एक सुनियोजित षड्यंत्र के तहत हिन्दू योद्धाओं को इतिहास से बाहर कर सिर्फ मुगलों को महान बतलाने वाला नकली इतिहास पढ़ाया जाता है। महाराणा प्रताप के स्थान पर अत्याचारी व अय्याश अकबर को महान होना लिख दिया है। अब यदि इतिहास में हिन्दू योद्धाओं को सम्मिलित करने का प्रयास किया जाता है तो कांग्रेस शिक्षा के भगवा करण करने का आरोप लगाती है।</div>
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Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-46619989111526675782019-09-29T21:17:00.000-07:002019-09-29T21:17:46.543-07:00Bhatta Mazar- A place where Hindus were massacred by Muslims in Kashmir- History forgotten by Hindus also. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14pt; user-select: text !important;">The advent of Islam in Kashmir was considered from the 14th century and it is believed that the introduction of Islam has created unprecedented problems and led to exodus of Kashmiri Hindus, the aborigines, from Kashmir. Prof. K.L. Bhan has identified 7 exoduses of Kashmiri Hindus in seven different epochs starting from 14th century onwards and finds that their number has been reduced from being majority to minority in their own land because of constant persecution and forced conversions. Many Kashmir Hindus were either forcibly converted to Islam or they have been killed or left Kashmir.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Gentium Book Basic", serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700; text-align: start;">The First Exodus (1389-1413) </span></div>
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Scheming wily and guily Shah Mir became the founder of the Muslim rule in Kashmir. By encouraging inter-marriages he poisoned and weakened the family life of the Kashmiri Hindus to the advantage of the Muslim minority as this tactics built a reliable and strong base/plinth for the propagation of Islam in Kashmir. By fraudulently getting Kota Rani, Bhatta Bhikshana and Bratta Autar murdered he removed forces of resistance from his way and became instrumental in letting Islam set its root deep in Kashmiri soil. The counselors of Kota Rani did not let her have tit for tat, following their ethos of non-violence, reverence for moral and ethical values.</div>
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Terrorised by Tamur the Lame – <em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Syyid Mir Ali Hamdani</span> </em>along with 700 Sayyids, his followers, landed in Kashmir and drove a wide and deep wedge between the majority Hindus and minority Muslims. He dictated the Sultan Qutubud-Din to make the persecution and torture of the KPs a state policy. The code he prescribed for the sultan was a model of hatred, distrust, intolerance, bigotry and malignity against the KPs. He compelled the Sultan to officialise the presecution and massacre of KPs unless they embraced Islam. He is the architect of desecration and demolition of the Kalishree temple near Fatah Kadal in Srinagar and raising on its plinth a mosque known as Khanqah-i-Mulla. With his repressive and precautionary measures backed by state terrorism he achieved the conversion of 37,000 KPs to Islam during the latter two of his three visits. The Sayyids headed by Mir Ali Hamdani openly preached extermination of Hindu religion and Hindu politics from the soil of the Kashmir in order that Islam might flourish and get unshakably entrenched in their place. Following in his father’s footsteps Mir Mohamad Hamdani urged Sultan Slkandar (1389-1413) notoriously known as the iconoclast (Sikandar but-shikan) to wipe out infidelity (Hindus) root and branch, from Kashmir and let not even a weed of it survive. The two reinforced by the rabid neo-convert Malik Saifudin unleashed a massive war against KPs with the target of genocide of this highly cultured people. Sikandar having pawned his soul to the Sayyids threw all norms of civilized Ilfe and tolerance to winds and issued an atrocious and barbaric Government decree ordering the KPs to opt for conversion or exile, flight or death. They let loose the floodgates of a reign of terror on the KPs to pressurize them to embrace Islam. Sikander enjoyed and exulted in breaking down images of Hindu deities. No temple anywhere in the city town or village escaped paying the heavy toll. Numerous Hindus fled, numerous were converted and numerous were brutally killed. Many poisoned themselves. This marks the first ominous exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits from their native fair homes. It is this mass migration that occasioned the plight of KPs to the neighbouring regions of Kishtwar and Bhadarwah via SMITHAN pass and to various provinces of India via Batote (Bhatta wath, path of the Bhattas or Kashmiri Pandits).</div>
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In the wake of this damned decree of Sikandar, seven mounds of the sacred thread of the murdered Brahmans were burnt by Sikandar and all of their sacred books were thrown into the Dal Lake. The KPs numbering over one lakh were drowned in the Lake and were burned at a spot in the vicinity of Rainawari in Srinagar City known as Bhatta Mazar (The grave yard of the Bhattas, the KPs) beyond present day Jogilanker. According to the living memory of the KPs only eleven KP families stayed back in Kashmir, the rest, rather than abandoning the religion of their father’s, chose to migrate leaving behind their beloved homes hearths, lands and everything, only to protect their religion and faith.</div>
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Jonraj, the contemporary historian draws a graphic picture of the traumatic experiences of the first exodus. Crowds of Hindus ran away in different directions through passes and bypasses. Their social life was totally disrupted, their life became miserable with hunger and fatigue. Many died in the scorching heat. Some disguised as Muslims roamed about the country searching for their distressed families. Hindus lolled out their tongues like dogs, looking for dog’s morsel at every door. (Jonraj: Kings of Kashmir). Then the Sultan exclaimed proudly that he had succeeded in exterminating all traces of Hinduism from the valley by massacring the Hindus, by ravaging, looting and ransacking their properties and more than most by kidnapping and raping there women folk. Jonraj laments the trampling of the Hindu ethos by the Yavanas (Muslims) whom he compares to locusts descending on and destroying a paddy field.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Second Exodus (1506-1585)</span></div>
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Kashmiri Pandits suffered vicissitudes and misfortune when under the zeal of Islamic fundamentalism the Sultans made it a state under policy to effect forcible conversion and implements it by issuing decrees to sever and chop off limbs of the Pandits, kidnap them, loot their possessions and imprison respectable people on various concocted pretexts so as to pressurize them to change their faith and become the followers of Islam, the religion of the rulers.</div>
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There is a general agreement on the point that the Chaks came to Kashmir from the land of Dares of Dartistan of Gilgit-Hunza Region. Ferocious, rugged and wild by nature they possessed great physical powers. When Shah Mir founded the Sultanate in Kashmir he found them the most suitable to be recruited to his armed forces. This brought them into great prominence.</div>
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The Chaks belonged to the Shia sect of the Muslims, like all other earlier Muslim rulers they also adopted their policy of conversion by coercion, loot, plunder arson and butchering of Kashmiri Pandits, who as a result of continual religious persecution became considerably reduced in number. There was no let up in religious crusade against them either to force them to get converted or face liquidation.</div>
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Kashmir universally known as abode of sufis and saints (Rishiwari) presented scenario of religious harmony, peace and absolute tolerance as long as there was preponderance of Hindu population, be it Saivites, Vaishavites or Buddists. All co-existed amidst amity and maintained very cordial relations and religious intolerance was unknown. This serene and sublime atmosphere was vitiated and poisoned by the emergence of alien Muslim rulers, no matter what class of dynasty they belonged to. The holy land of Kashmir, the cradle of Trika philosophy, the abode of rishis and munis was transformed into an arena of strife and intrigues which very soon saw not only the reversal but also the annihilation of centuries old and precious socio-cultural attainments.</div>
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Making a historical evaluation of political and social role of Islam in Kashmir and among various medieval societies, historians have adjudged Muslim ideology as parochial and stereotyped. It is in this ideological framework that, to one’s amazement and shock, loot, arson rape, murder and killing have a religious recognition and sanction.</div>
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Firstly all this appears legalized under the umbrella of ‘maliganeem’ . Secondly any social strife leading to disorder and anarchy is permissible getting covered under Jehad (holy war). Thirdly any Muslim intoxicated with religious frenzy and going on a spree of killing without rhyme or reason is saluted as’Majahid’ or ‘Ghazi’ (conqueror or victor).</div>
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The Kashmiri Hindu having reached a high level of cultura attainment was found to be a soft target and was thus subjected to the most horrendous tortures and atrocities in the name of service to Islam. A right thinking person wonders whether the message of Islam was bloodshed, plunder, arson and liquidation of followers of other faiths or for spirrtual betterment and exaltation of mankind at large.</div>
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Dr. M.L. Kapoor observes that it took Islam almost six centuries to secure a strong foothold in Kashmir. Subsequently with a jet speed it galloped through and within next one hundred years over shadowed Hinduism and claimed a majorty. Quoting Jonaraja Dr. Kapoor writes “As the wine destroys the trees and locusts the paddy crops, so did the Yavanas destroy the usage of Kashmiris and the Kingdom of Kashmir was polluted by evil practices of malechhas.”</div>
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While the power of the later Sultan ebbed, the Chaks correspondingly gained supremacy at the court and ultimately succeeded in usurping the throne and establishing their suzerainty over Kashmir. They consolidated their political power through intrigues, conspiracies and murders of political rivals and opponents. They spared no ferocious and barbaric means to seize political power. Though belonging to the Shia sect the Chaks were no less ruthless than the earlier Sunni rulers and showed no sympathetic consideration for the Kashmiri Pandits whose number continued dwindling steadily following the unrelenting onslaughts of the fanatical zealots.</div>
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When Fatah Khan (1506-16) proclaimed himself the ruler and ascended the throne under the title of Sultan Fatah Shah, the situation in the valley was depressing and deplorable. He tried bid best to restore normalcy and rule of law and order by curbing the power of nobles but met with no success. Contrarily he ended up in becoming a mere tool in the hands of those who counted in the echelons of power. Foremost among those were the intriguing Shams Chak, and his three trusted friends. Nasrat Raina, Sarhang Raina and Moosa Raina. Moosa Raina succeeded Shamas Chak as the Prime Minister of Sultan Fatah Shah. He was a confident of Shams-ud-Din Iraqi propagator of Islamic faith and converter of non-believers and Sunnis to Shia sect of Islam. Hailing from Talish on the Caspian Sea he played a capital and instrumental role in converting Chaks to Shia sect of Islam. Receiving green signal from Moosa Raina Shams Iraqi opened floodgates of repression, terror and cruelty against the Kashmiri Hindus. Hindu places of worship were demolished only to see the erection of mosques on their foundations. All traces of infidelity and idol worship were replaced by Islamic symbols and the infidels and holy thread bearers of Kashmir were converted to Islam so much so that Shams Iraqi with the help of Moosa Raina was able to convert 24000 Brahmin families to Islam. (Kapoor from ‘Baharistani Shahi’). The two savages terrorized and forced their faith. A model of bigotry and tyranny, Moose mission of humiliating, looting and then murdering those Kashmir Pendits who still clung to their ancient faith besides wiping out residual Hindu temples and schools.</div>
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When persecution and religious repression became intolerable and showed indications of being tantamount to ethnic cleansing, some Hindus rallied round the leadership of one Pandit Nirmal Kanth, a respected scholar. They sent a delegation to Prime Minister Moosa Raina to appeal for mercy. Moosa Raina came down with a heavy hand on the members of the delegation. It was breaking their head against the stone wall of cruel Feteh Shah, wolfish Shamas Iraqi and pitiless Moosa Raina. The suppliants were thrown into jail, where unfed they famished and groaned and died of starvation. This forms one of the darkest periods of the black history of Kashmir. Shamas Iraqi’s fanaticism and zealot was unquenchable. His vindictiveness did not get satiated with the massive conversion of Kashmiri Pandits whom he found with suspicion and distrust. He did not spare then even after they had forcibly accepted Islam. He charged the neophytes of clinging to their original faith. He gave free vent to his wrath when he observed them chanting mantra by placing their haunches on the hand written copies of Muslim religious texts and bowing before Hindu idols. Moosa Raina set up camps for forcible circumcision of the neophytes in order to brutalise and deculturise them. Moosa Raina and his gang men would forcibly draw and haul them out of the homes and stuff their mouths with beef so as to stagger and shock them psychologically. This was intended to give them such a shaking that they would not dare retain any Hindu tradition and lest they should be exterminated, snapped their habitual links with the Hindus, their erstwhile brethren.</div>
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After Moosa Raina had gone the way of all flesh in 1513 Mohammed Shah (1517) appointed Kazi Chak, again a Shia, as his Prime Minister. Kazi Chak too gave no quarter and no time for recovery to the distressed Kashmiri Pandits. One hound after another thirsty of the blood of the unfortunate Pandits followed in succession. Kazi Chak left no stone unturned inflicting pain and heaping disasters and miseries on the Pandits. He initiated a systematic and planned campaign for the desecration and dismantling of Hindu temples and sacred places. The movable and immovable property of Pandits were looted and ravaged and ruined. It is attributed to him that he used to get 900 KPs beheaded every day for not having accepted Islam as their only mode of faith. Such kind of cruelty was unheard of before.</div>
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The Hindus hold cows sacred and revere them. The Chaks ordered that one thousand cows be slaughtered every day to wreck vengeance on the Kashmiri Hindus so as to shock them into accepting Islam. They re-imposed the dreaded punitive tax Jazia on KPs and snapped all means of sustenance from them. The contemporary historian Shukla testifies. “The Hindus were overpowered by the religious intolerance the same way as the sun is overpowered by the gray sable clouds”. A KP wearing the sacred thread had to pay annual tax to the Chak rulers. For the Chaks killing, butchering, mangling and marauding was a common place routine after not worth being taken as a sensation.</div>
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During the Chak period the KPs were persecuted, snubbed, humiliated, held low and trampled mercilessly. They had to pay tax even for performing their religious rites and obligations, rituals and customs. To preserve the distinctive traits of their sect and creed the Kashmiri Pandits were bound to pay 40 precious stones to the ruler. The Chak era goes down as black saga in the history of the Kashmiri Pandits. The Chak rulers were cruel and heartless and peerless in devising ever-new methods of inflicting pain and misery to the KPs without the slightest tremor of scruple. Those KPs who somehow escaped getting converted to Islam fled their native places to seek refuge and sustenance at safer places in the neighbourhood of Kashmir Valley. It was a massive exodus in that innumerable KPs left their homes and hearths and marched out of Kashmir. While they were fleeing for their lives, a barrage of spiteful abuse and insolent contumely was let loose on them with the aim of preventing their return to the land of their genesis. Thus the genocide of Kashmir Pandits was designed, engineered and pursued to transmute the basic character of the heritage of Kashmir, change its social religious and cultural identity beyond recognition and reduce this ancient land of Hindu sages and saints to the Muslims ghetto as was conceived by the Sayyid theologians.</div>
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When Akbar, the Mughal King, began to make inroad into Kashmir and Yusuf Shah Chalk abjectly surrendered and joined the invading Moghul forces, the rebel Yakub Chak seized the reigns of power in Kashmir. He too initiated his rule with forced conversion of the Pandits, rank communalist as he was. He made the Jama Masjid in Srinagar as the headquarters of his Jehad against the Sunnis and the Pandits. Under his instructions his fanatic Shia zealots committed numerous atrocities on the Pandits, especially on their women folk, including their massacre. He added a new feather to his cap in his Jehad for Islam by hauling up Pandits in their houses and roasting them alive. It was a new cono button to the spread of Islam in Kashmir.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Third Exodus under the Mughals (1585-1753)</span></div>
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Akbar captivated by the idyllic and scenic beauty of the valley of Kashmir visited the place three times. His court poet Maulana Faizee composed a poem to eulogize the beauty of Kashmir. It purposes to say that the dust of Kashmir is like an eye lotion and the grass and herbs are vital medicines for beauty. Faizee depicts the great Mughal’s fascination for the allurement of Kashmir. Akbar initiated many plans and welfare schemes for the people of Kashmir. He attempted to expend his liberal policies to Kashmir. He entrusted the administration of the valley to a subedar.</div>
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Akbar launched a comprehensive scheme for the rehabilitation of Kashmiri Pandits honourably in their native place. He also became aware of the importance of the role they could play in managing and running the administration of Kashmir. They in fact rose to high places of status and prestige. After about a span of thirty years the KPs again started feeling comfortable and assured of their safety and security. They found the atmosphere favourable enough to practise their faith without any coersion and persecution.</div>
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Akbar was admittedly highly tolerant and refrained from falling into the net of fanatic religious zeal. He never resorted to following the policy of persecution and discrimination against the Hindus who had earlier encountered periods of misfortune at the hands of Muslim rulers who made them targets of their religious bigotry and persecution.</div>
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On his visit to Kashmir in 1589 Akbar gleaned accounts of stirring and blood boiling plight of the KPs where groaning, being crushed to pulp under the heavy weight of the vexatious extortion’s like the much deplored Jazia (Poll tax), Akbar repealed the black tax along with other taxes and fines imposed by the vicious Chak rulers. Akbar’s decree abolishing them brought a relief and much sought after respite to the KPs. Many KPs who fled to other safer places their lives and honour found conditions in their home Iand quite conductive to their honourable return though shocked to find their homes and hearths looted and plundered by the Muslim zealots during the period of their absence.</div>
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Jehangir, Akbar’s son made a departure from the path of religious tolerance and non-interference in other religious affairs. His sectarian predilection and prejudices were clearly pronounced. He shuffled his stances in his dealing with KPs and his inconsistencies were to a large extent responsible for the communal frenzy and rioting to resurface in its full fury. It was during his rule the Kashmiri Pandits were forced to marry their daughters to Moghul officers and Subedars and yet it is an irony that Jehangir is known for his “adal” and love and concern for justice. Seemingly just and equitable in his treatment of the Kashmiri Pandits, he upheld and followed in letter and spirit Islamic practices. This blots and besmears his image of being a tolerant ruler. He disapproved of and opposed matrimonial relations between Hindus and Muslims but declared that while a Hindu was forbidden by law to marry a Muslim woman. Muslim had all the license to marry a Hindu woman.</div>
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Jehangir did not lag behind in following the footprints of earlier Muslim fanatics. It was at his behalf that the flight of steps linking the temple of Shankeracharya to the river Jhelum near the temple of Trepur Sundary was dismantled and the smooth chiseled stones thus got were used by Noorjehan to erect the massive mosque at Pather Masjid in down town Srinagar on the west bank of over Jhelum. The Mughal Sardar Itquad Khan, cruel and inhuman as he was, further tarnished and blackened Jehangir’s image that had already been soiled by anti-Hindu pursuits in Kashmir. Itquad Khan forced the Hindus at gun point to get converted to Islam and tortured them by levying taxes on them. As the Shia Chaks had persecuted Sunni Muslims, he persecuted the Shias.</div>
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Shah Jehan was a chip of the old block of his father and proved true to him. No less ardent lover and admirer of the natural beauty of Kashmir he did conceal the ugliness in his mind. He did justice to his faith as a Muslim in devoting himself to torturing and persecuting the Kashmin Hindu. He laughed with pleasure when a Muslim mob led and instigated by Kwaja Mam pounced on a prominent Kashmir Hindu Pandit Mahdeo’s house and looted it and set it ablaze.</div>
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Shah Jehan did not fall to keep up the iconoclastic heritage of his father and did his bit by desecrating and demolishing a number of temples in Kashmir. Bernier is reliable in his conclusive finding that “the doors and pillars were found in some of the idol temples demolished by Shah Jehan and it is impossible to estimate their value.” Shah Jehan showed his love for gardens by laying out Shalimar, Nishat, Achabal. He also got constructed many mosques, but hardly cared to reconstruct temples, monasteries and libraries of Hindus demolished and destroyed by Islamic zealots preceding him.</div>
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Aurengazeb the ‘Puritan King’ whose life is a sharp contrast to that of his predecessors/ancestors lost no time after ascending the throne in Delhi in 1658 to convert whole of India to Islam. To fulfil this desire of his he had no hesitation in using and wielding sword. The fundamentalist emperor thew to winds the seemingly secular policy of his forefathers replacing it by one of religious harassment and persecution. He re-imposed Jazia (poll tax). While the entire lndian people shuddered at his manner of building an Islamic state, he implemented a well calculated plan according to which he started with liquidating Hindu scholars in India in general and the Kashmiri Pandits in particular. Not surprising he did not spare his own father. According to him elimination of Hindu scholars was a pre-requisite for the spread of Islam India.</div>
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Since Kashmir has from times immemorial remained a prominent center for learning, Aurangzeb appointed 14 atrocious subedars as administrators and governors of Kashmir for its Islamization. Notable among them was Iftekhar Khan who during his regime (1617-75) unleashed his pack of hounds of cruelties of all sorts to leave the Kashmiri Hindus no alternative but to embrace Islam on pain of death. During his rule of five years of hair raising cruelty and tyranny Iftekhar Khan drove it home to Pandits that then future in their land of birth was assured only if they kissed Islam, failing which they must quit their homeland forthwith; there was no third option.</div>
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In consequence of this dire threat thousands of Kashmiri Pandits succumbed to his policy of duress and treacherous religious bigotry of the vicious subeder and thus got converted to Islam. Thousands who could manage to withstand the tremendous pressure bade good bye to their homes and hearths and sought refuge in neighbouring regions to keep alive themselves and their faith that was so dear to them.</div>
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It is during the rule of Emperor Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb that Kashmiri Pandits driven out of Kashmir reached Delhi and settled down in Bazar Sitaram. Two prominent castes namely Zutshis and Shangloos reached there after a great struggle, difficulties and hardships. These castes over a period of generations had changed into Pehlvis (poets) and Topawallas, said one of the descendants of KPs living in Bazar Sitaram Shri Gulzar Pahlvi. There is a temple of ancient KPs now internally displaced communities in India believe in. It is said that Pandit Nehru’s marriage procession had come all along from Allahabad to Bazar Sitaram where his marriage was solemnized. Their present priest is Iqbal Krishen Revoo.</div>
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It is during the Aurangzeb-Iftekhar Khan combine that reduced the Kashmin Pandits as low as dust, nay they made them lick the dust. They trampled the Pandit psyche by subverting all the achievements of this advanced and learned community in social, economic and religious fields during the pseudo-secular stance of the earlier Mughals. Aurangzeb followed Islamic law with fervor showing no regard for normal laws of Hindus.</div>
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When the religious persecution and cruelties perpetrated by Iftekhar Khan and approved by Aurangzeb made life unbearable for Pandits in Kashmir, the latter decided to approach the immortal national hero Shri Guru Teg Bahadur at Anand Sahib for rescuing the Kashmiri Hindus from Islamic onslaught by his personal intervention. A delegation of 500 KPs led by Pandit Kripa Ram learned person, called on the Guru and narrated their harrowing and woeful experiences of the diabolical misrule of Iftikhar Khan patronized by Aurangzeb whose wickedness had no parallel. These fundamentalists thrust Islam by hook or by crook. They converted by atrocities, by polluting the KPs by banning the wearing of sacred thread and tilak, by sexual harassment and forcible abductions of the daughters of Hindus and other satanic misdeeds. The delegations appealed to Guru Teg Bahadur to deliver them from their religion of the land.</div>
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The great Saint whose face radiated Cecelia light was painfully moved on hearing the woeful tales narrated by the Kashmir Pandit suppliants. This great man from Punjab went to Delhi for the redressal of the grievances of the KPs and got killed by the cunning Aurangzeb. The Guru was asked to embrace Islam but he preferred death to change his Dharma which was most dear to him. Furious Muslim zealot Aurangzeb ordered the execution of Guru Teg Bahadur. His head was slit by one Jalal-ud-din Jalad (Executioner). In this way the Guru attained martyrdom for the sacred cause of saving Hindu Dharma. Shat Shat Pranam. Guru Maharaja’s sacrifice sent a shiver down the spine of Aurangzeb and it marked the beginning of the fall of Mughal empire in India.</div>
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Despite the supreme sacrifice for the preservation of Hindu religion and Kashmiri ethos, the state terrorism remained unabated for sometime more. The desecration of temples and the killings of KPs continued and the process of exodus also continued.</div>
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A griping and inspiring and graphic account of this national issue and the unforgettable sacrifice and martyrdom of Guru along with his three disciples has been given by Giani Gian Singh in his book ‘Shri Guru Granth Prakash’ and another book ‘Shri Guru Pratap Suraj’ which are strongly recommended to the readers.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Fourth Exodus (1753)</span></div>
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Following close on the heels of Faqierullah’s tyrannical and fanatic misrule came his diabolical son Fazal Kanth the Chief Minister whose subedar beheaded Kailash Dhar in broad day light in the open court of the Shia-Muslim Governor Amir Khan Jawansher and gave a contemptuous watery burial in the river Jhelum. Then he went amuck killing and plundering the KPs.This episode so alarmed and panicked the KPs that they felt helpless and desperate. The whole environment became so hostile to them that they fled to Poonch and Kabul for safety and shelter.</div>
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Physical torture in the mast ruthless fashion, mental agony, emotional, spiritual anguish fleecing punitive taxes, indignity heaped on the male members of the hapless community. Unchecked harassment and shameless molestation of women folk and more than most the commendable remarkable and unbeaten will to preserve the faith that had been good enough for their forefathers could perhaps have been the reasons that compelled this exquisitely cultured and literate, non-violent and highly tolerant community with rich and radiant heritage to flee the land of their genesis, of their Saints and Sages, of their mature ancestors four times by the time the sixty seven year black and cursed rule of the Afghan butchers in Kashmir expired. The capture of Kashmir by Sikhs marked the deliverance of the KPs from the barbarous Afghan governors.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Fifth Exodus</span></div>
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Despite having been made victims of repeated humiliations relentless atrocities, a series of reigns of terror, religious fanaticism of the worst type known to the world, conversion by sword and fire, social and economic repression, population decimation and what have you at the hands of savage MusIim rulers for over 500 years, the vibrant and resilient spirit of the KPs despite diminishing numbers, never got dampened or sagged. In spite of deathblows to their culture, ethos and faith they managed to keep alive their centuries old heritage and tradition while they had to pass through fire and water. This microscopic minority recognized and acclaimed and feared as an extra-ordinarily intelligent stock even by the barbaric rulers, both local and alien always maintained a unique cultural attainments and inherent goodness and shunned crookedness even when they served in key postions in the courts of the despotic, bigotic brutal Muslim rulers barren in all human attributes. This nationalistic group preferred to break but did not bend. It did not easily rush into making compromises with the iconoclasts even at the cost of their lives. It was the great Pandit Birbal Dhar whose political maturity and maneuvering paved the path for Maharaja Ranjit Singh to re-establish a Hindu Government in J&K state. Aftar Kashmir slipped from the hands of the Afgans back into those of the Hindus in 1820 the sound of bells restarted emanating from temples that had earlier stood for over four centuries wearing the mantle of mourning, whose ruins spoke volumes in a loud and clear voice of the stones of religions and ethnic fanaticism and intolerance suffered by their builders at the hands of those who hold their faith superior to all other faiths but which deems as sacred and halal, dispossession, loot arson, molestation, rape and slaughter of infidels particularly the Hindus. The Sikh rule ushered in an epoch of peace for all. In some instances the Sikh rulers may be guilty of harshness but they were not cunning, cruel and fanatic religious zealots as their predecessors were. With the passage of time the Sikh rule displaced symptoms of aging and the Dogras seized the golden opportunity to step in and take charge of administration of the combined provinces of Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh. It was a glorious period of all round development and reform. It signaled the initiation of the modern history of the state. All the Dogra rulers, though Hindus, believed in and adhered to religious tolerance and harmony. Maharaja Hari Singh, a refined and cultured person, had good will of all his subjects to his credit. Lover of freedom and self-rule he was progressive in his thoughts and deeds.</div>
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That the British rulers of India followed the policy of divide and rule is well known to all. To safeguard their entrenched supremacy they went the whole hog in communalising politics and drive such a wide wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims that there could be no meeting point for them. How could they approve of the communal peace and amity the Sikhs and the Dogra rulers had established? Maharaja Hari Singh had to encounter political agitation triggered by the cunning, British from the very inception of his rule. Young Kashmiri Muslims, fresh from the universities of Northern India, particularly AMU, Aligarh where they had met and come under the influence of burgeoning Muslim leaders in India and who were hectically propagating and campaigning for Pan-Islamism, formed an organization for holding frequent meetings. It came to be known as Muslim Reading Room. This crop of new spring literate young Muslims became jealous of well-educated KPs holding comfortable position in the state administration They became frustrated and desperate at their failure to enter Government service and hold responsible and influential and remunerative posts by direct appointments. So they commenced a campaign against what they dubbed the Hindu State. They had the covert backing and blessing of the British India Government chair and the Maharaja had no knowledge of it. His address at the Round Table Conference in London in 1931 as chairman of the chamber of princes convinced the British rule that he was a hard nut to crack by virtue of his being haughty and independent in his ways and, therefore, he could not toe their line nor have any truck with them. The British carved a situation in which stage was set for the desperate educated young Muslims to enact scenes of violent political agitation. And the Muslim press did not lag behind in keeping pace with the agitators. It let loose a fierce and venomous propaganda against the Hindu Maharaja; later on Anglo-Indian press joined hands with its and echoed its refrain.</div>
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Sheikh Mohd Abdullah was the most prominent. voluble,eloquent, firebrand activist of the Muslim Reading Room Group. He was all fire in his outbursts against the procedure guidelines of the civil service Recruitment Board for selection and appointment of candidates to higher posts strictly on the basis of merit where the KPs stole a march over their rival aspirants among the Muslims. The Sheikh and his comrades in arms would not take it lying down. After over a hundred years, the KPs unfortunately became an eyesore for the simple fault of their out-shining others with their higher education and technical qualification. The Sheikh minced no words in voicing his resentment against the established system and convened mammoth meeting of Muslims in mosques and made fiery provocative speeches instigating the audience to rise in revolt. Communal tension reached the point of ignition needing just spark to engulf the state in uncontrollable conflagration.</div>
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The 13th of July 1931 will go down as a black day in the history of KPs in modern times. On that ominous day the Kashmiri Muslims repeated their history vis-a-vis the KPs.On that Day City of Srinagar and its suburbs witnessed a depressing and demoralizing spectacle of loot, arson and murder of Kashmiri Hindu property and lives. The Bombas and the Khakas had, it seemed. revisited the Valley. On the incitement and directive of the Muslim Reading Room party the Muslim hoodlums made the unfortunate KPs direct target of their wrath, frenzy and madness. The Goondas and the anti-KP Muslims had a hayday. They went berserk everywhere particularly in downtown Srinagar looting KP shops and houses and setting them on fire. The booty they lard their hands on in Zaina Kadal and Maharaj Gunj was distributed. It was in fact, the looters day and the real martyrs were the KPs. Numerous KPs were killed and many wounded. Legend has it that there was a communal orgy at Kanikoot, Tehsil Nagam, Distt, Badgam, a few KMs away from the city of Srinagar. About a dozen houses of the KPs were ransacked, looted and then torched and several KPs were murdered for absolutely no fault on their part. Sheikh Abdhullah in his ever first address to the KPs at Sheetalnath in Srinagar, Is on record having blamed it on the goons for the communal disharmony resulting in loot and murder of the KPs.</div>
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A mob of furious Muslims gate crashed into the central Jail in Srinagar to extricate one Qadir, a bearer of a European, who was being tried there for sedition The state police posted there fired on the rowdy mob killing ten agitators. The Muslims crowded and directed their vengeance and vindictiveness against the soft and easy targets, the KPs, who were taken unawares and who had a long history of meeting violence with non-violence as sufferance has been their badge slnce they came into contact with the Muslims in Kashmir. Those responsible for flouting law and order and creating mayhem and glory on a spree of loot and murder were eulogized and glorified as Freedom fighters and exalted as martyrs for the cause of rights of Muslims. They went scotfree and the Maharaja’s administration proved too weak and ineffective to afford protection to the terrorized KPs.</div>
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The KPs received no privileges and prerogatives form Dogra rulers. They were not specially favoured community. The Dogra rulers were as strangers to them as to the Kashmiri Muslims. There was no partisan of partial tilt towards the KPs who, like the Ajax rose from their own ashes, regenerated and renewed themselves by hard incessant labour and struggle. Speaking with regard fo all fariness and objectively, the sufferings of the Muslims taken apart during the one hundred and twenty six years of the rule the Sikhs and the Dogras in Kashmir pale into significance and dwindle to nothing when contrasted with the sufferings of the KPs during the five hundred years of the Muslim rule. No Sikh or Dogra ruler employed state power for proslytising Muslims into Sikh or Hindu, for demolishing mosques to raise temples on their plinths and ruins, for torturing and persecuting Muslims for following their faiths, for extorting exorbotant sums of money by way of religious taxes, jazia, baj, zaridood or tax on burying their dead and maintaining their identification marks. No Muslims were tied back to back and put into sacks and consigned to the Dal Lake. No Muslim women were made victims of their carnal lust, debauchery lechery and voluptuousness. No Muslim family had to marry off its young budding daughters in teens or chop off their noses to disfigure their faces and make them repulsive lest they fell prey to the lusty eyes of the rulers and their ministers. And yet the Hindu rulers are denounced as tyrants despots, fanatics and anti-Muslims. It is the pot calling the kettle black.</div>
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KPs were equal partners in the quit Kashmir movemen launched against the Dorga rule. As India awoke into freedom in August 1947 from the yoke of British imperialism, Dogra rule too reached the end of its tether soon after. While freedom bells were chiming for the majority community, the unfortunate KPs were in for a grave surprise and shock turning the reveling and jubilation of freedom into a melodrama for them. Pakistan, the new born Islamic theocratic state, clandestinely engineered and launched an aggression on Kashmir by sending armed tribesmen backed up by Pakistan army across the state border on the northern and northwestern side. The religious zealots of Kashmir acted as guides to these hordes of savages from NWFP who behaved even worse than their Afgan ancestors. Besides indulging in wholesale loot and arson they killed numerous KPs at Batapora, Gushi and Tikkar in the present Kupwara district and at various places in the district of Baramulla, Badgam and outskirts of Srinagar.</div>
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Tens of thousand of KPs in the Northern, Northwestern and Northeastern Kashmir had to flee their homes and hearths and seek refuge in Srinagar. A good number of them left the state for good, thus setting the stage for the fifth exodus. The local Muslim zealots joined hand with the wild tribals in forcibly converting many KPs to Islam on pain of torture and instant death. And numberless were the Hindu places of worship and Dharamshalas that were reduced to ashes.</div>
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The emancipated, the far sighted and those with the sense of the past history of Kashmir since the coming of Muslims and those who were sagacious enough to sense which way the wind was blowing and what trends the future had in its womb lost no time in seeing through the intriguing game plan of what was in essence pan-Islamic fundamentalism raising its ugly head. Mir Waiz Yousf Shah, a grand uncle of Umar Farooq, the present Mirwaiz of Kashmir became cat’s paw for Muslim clergy. At the behest of M.A. Jinnah he corned on in Pakistan a compaign of canard of concocted and alleged tales of persecution of Kashmiri Muslims under Dogra Hindu rule and pioneered the process of infecting the psyche of the Kashmiri Muslims with the ideal of separate quam (nation). Barring in Srinagar and the southern Kashmiri they acted as guides and accomplices of Pakistan army supported Pakistan tribals, in their crusade against the infidels for the glory of Islam by means of murder, rape, loot, arson and conversion by coercion. According to a Reuter’s dispatch in 1947 the mass rape at Baramulle eclipsed the massacre at Rajouri in Jammu province. With a view to grab Kashmir by force Pakistan flauntingly violated Maharaja Hari Singh standstill agreement with India and Pakistan and in a way pushed him to execute the instrument of accession to India. But for the landing of the Indian troops at Srinagar who stalled the advance of the tribals almost at the gates of Srinagar, the gori things would have happened, had they entered the city.</div>
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When the popular Government came into existence in free Jammu and Kashmir it started imperceptibly implementing the resolutions of the Reading Room Party. We cannot help making allowance for the occurrence of some pleasant and unpleasant things in the course of transfer of power from one form of Government to another. These are bound to happen. But when the mind of the people at the helm of affairs is warped and deformed by narrow, sectarian, communal, and religious considerations and prejudices one cannot hope for fairness and justice. The newly sprung Muslim Ministers coupled with the bureaucracy and executive of the same creed made the KP officers and official’s targets of their vendetta for being good and loyal employees of the erstwhile rulers. Resorting to compulsion and coercion. they brushed aside all moral restraints in subjecting the KP employees in subordinate positions to injustice and gross unfairness and vexations and whimsical orders. Their rights by way of their seniority, qualification and experience were treated as trifles. They were relegated to second class status and treatment. Was this their dream of Naya Kashmir they had aspired to build in a democratic egalitarian secular framework in unison with the Muslim freedom fighters? Having gauged and scanned the trend of the Government and having been disillusioned and embittered with the gap between its theory and practice, some self respecting KP intellectuals abandoned Srinagar. Notable among these are Dr. R.K. Bhan, Prof. Soom Nath Dhar, Prof. T.N. Raina, Prof, S.N. Koul, Prof. P.N. Dhar Secy to Late Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Veer Vesheswer and others. There are innumerable prominent KP personalities who felt compelled by hostile political and economic circumstances to bid unwilling good bye to their dear native places. They found the climate of the paradise charged with sinister and inauspicious and revengeful mist which would in due course of time drop as brutal hail on the poor KPs leaving them cold, shivering and stunned. People like Sh. R.N. Koul Advocate, (Ex-Registrar Supreme Court of India),Sh. P.N. Koul Karihaloo (Ex-Governor, Reserve Bank of ndia), Sh. Zinda Lal Koul (Charge do affairs), Sh S.N. Bhat (Indian Railways), Sh. J. N. Ganjoo (Secretary, Indian Embassy in USA) who died recently and among others Munshis, Kaws, Saproos. Tengs. Gassis, Thusoos, Wangnoos and so on migrated to better and safer pastures.</div>
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The post independence period in J&K state witnessed an unmistakebly slow and steady exodus of the KP community owing mainly to the following prime and significant factors:</div>
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(a) Break down of law and order.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />(b) Ever dwindling and waning chances for securing government appointments in spite of their requisite merit and qualifications.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />(c) Abolition of Zamindari system, which though welcome step in principle, resulted in turning thousands of KP landowners into paupers as no compensation in lieu of loss of their land was granted to them. Nor was any other means of rehabilitating them sought with the inevitable result that they became victims of rural indebtedness.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />(d) Discrimination of admission of KP youth to higher educational and technical and professional institutions.</div>
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The year 1948 dawned quite ominous forthe KPs. The tribals of NWFP again supported by regular Pakistan army re-raided north Kashmir, this time fromTitwal Karnah-Keran in Kupwara sector. Meeting no resistance of any name the raiders wiped out all KPs staying behind in the region following the earlier raid of the Pakistan army and tribals in 1947 on the heels of the partition. Unfortunately Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation, met his dramatic end in the national capital in the course of his prayers for national reconciliation and emotional integration. Here in Kashmira compaign was let loose to harass and humiliate KPs for alleged allegiance to RSS and those who were thought to be stooges of Maharaja Hari Singh, the then ruler of the state. Distinguished and eminently respectable KPs were summoned time and again to Halqa (Block) National Conference offices for interrogation by members of the Halqa peace Brigade officers. They were subjected to unbearable disgrace, humiliation and even tortured for personal animosity and political vendetta. Not tolerating this insult many people belonging to various social and political groups were disgusted and ran away to escape facing dire consequences. Thus a good number of KPs of repute holding dignity, honour dear to them said good bye to the Valley never to re-enter it. There was obviously no state authority to look to the affairs of law and order. Only the peace brigade constituted at the time of Pakistani aggression ruled the roost and held the supreme sway They enjoyed the full liberty to settle their personal scores.</div>
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A noted historian and political associate and co-worker of Sheikh Mohmmed Abdullah. P.N. Bazaz records that “those who dared to oppose National Conference were treated as ‘Pariah’ dogs They were arrested in thousands, their hands tied with ropes behind their backs and dragged like animals through the main bazars of Srinagar and other towns”. The former Prime Minister Shri R.C. Kak was taken from a subjail to the High Court on foot with his hands tied with rope made of dry paddy hay and enroute Muslim, National Conference workers pelted stones, cast dirt and rubbish on him and even spat at him. And in the courtroom the N.C. activists manhandled him doing him physical violence while the judge looked on helplessly and dumbly.</div>
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Now the soil was propitious for Sheikh Modmmed Abdullah to transform into reality his cherished dream that had been lurking in his mind since the Reading Room Forum days. ZAMIN KISSAN KI. In 1950 an act called “The J&K landed Estates Abolition Act of 2007 (1950) vide Act No: XVII of 2007” was passed. It purported the abolition of big landed estates and their transfer to the actual tillers. This act came into force with immediate effect without any consideration for payment of compensation to the landowners dispossessed of their land. The landowners could retain 182 canals of land with no tenancy rights. According to the provision of the Act, the landowner would get 1/4 th of the yield of 182 canals but no share of the hay. Sheikh Sahib’s dream came true when he rapturously witnessed the KP irreparably hit by his land reform program. With one hit below the belt he gloated quietly at the thought that KPs had been sent sprawling with no chance to recover and fight back. Reduced to the state of paupers the aggrieved KPs knocked at the doors of justice but in vain.</div>
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The land reform blitz that turned the tables out of justifiable proportion on the former land lords and changed social relationships and traditions so suddenly generated enough heat in the dispossessed land lord community to which KP community was no exception.</div>
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To the tenants, predominantly Muslims, the Act came as a boon and blessing and they received it with jubilation and revelry. On the landlords, mostly Hindus, it fell like a guillotine. They protested and cried hoarse against the unfair and partisan and jaundiced deal given to them. The game plan of the Sheikh was clearly seen through. The cardinal objective of the Act was to deprive the landlords of their rights as proprietors and help the tenants at the cost of the former. The judicious approach ought to have been made to find a path to secure fair play and justice to both the classes. The Act, it became clear, was remotely motivated by such consideration and indicated antagonistic and hostile approaches only to see that KPs were reduced to penury. The Act was sheerly based against the Hindu community in particular and heavily tilting in favour of the tillers, thus making one class poor and the other suddenly rich. The Act was categorically against the spirit and the interest of natural justice according to the bereft and distressed landowners. The writer has personally been witness to the spectacle of so many KP Chakdars starving and living below poverty line. Deprived of all means of sustenance for their families and livestock they distributed their starving cows among their well off neighbours and bewailed their destiny.</div>
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Chances for appointment and promotions were blocked, by taking into employment undesirable and incompetent persons from the majority community ignoring the deserving and qualified and technically trained hands. It became a state policy to ignore KPs in matters of appointment and give first preference and priority to take a Muslim applicant or to wait till one became eligible or available.</div>
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A KP teacher with a good deal of service to his credit was made subordinate to his Muslim taught who was upgraded and promoted to be his Head Master. Here is an instance on how the administration of education was deliberately and crudely maligned. Once all aspirants to the post of headmaster were called for an interview and the venue was the open lawns of the palace on the bank of the Jhelum. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs their number ran into hundreds. Sheikh Sahib, the then Prime Minister and incharge of education, was in a fix what he should do. He hit upon a plan. He asked them to fall in two rows – one of those tall in size and the other comparatively short or medium. This having been done he had a look around and looked still indecisive and confused since both the rows consisted of both Hindus and Muslims. Ultimately utilizing his sweet whim of absolute power, he resorted to absolute corrupt practice of pick and choose by pointing his finger, like Hitler, on tall Muslim aspirants, like Mr Abdul Ahad, Mr. Kak and others singling out about 100 teachers from the lot ignoring veteran teachers like Sh. Gangadhar Dhar, Sh. Sham Lal Madan, Sh Raghunath Kaul, Sh Keshov Nath Veshin and so many others. This naturally entailed a breaking of hearts and genuine grievance of unjustified unwarranted and brazenly unrestrained open discrimination against the KPs. The realization that Kashmir is not a place for the future of their children nor for their posterity began to gain ground and later events confirmed it so that it turned into a conviction deeply rooted in the treatment meted to KPs in every sphere of life in Kashmir and they started turning their gaze beyond the borders of the state to find sustenance to their survival. They were snubbed and subjected to various indignities and deprived of avenues and opportunities to display what mettle they are made of. Thus started an imperceptible exodus of KPs for pastures elsewhere.</div>
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The state Government, controlled, regulated and steered by the National Conference passed new laws designed to protect the interest of the majority community. One of these was the Agrarian reform law brought into abolish tenancy farming. All land that was cultivated by tenants was taken away from the landlords and transferred to the tenants. It was a welcome step in socialistic sense. But the axe fell on the KPs in the Valley as the new law made them suddenly paupers and deprived them of source of their income and livelihood. Many of them who were solely dependent on land turned into paupers. Since the bulk of the landlords affected by the Agrarian reform were the KPs, the reform as a tremendous success. It was along cherished desire of the ruling National Conference to snatch away the land. The money that was to be paid to them for their land barely added to a fraction of a year’s income from it and in any case, it was to be paid at some future date not specified. Decades have passed since the KPs lost their ancestral fields. They have still not received the money. The compensation case is still pending resolution. No attempt was eves made to rehabilitate the ex-owners of the land.</div>
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As it all this were not sufficient Caesar appeared in the form of a ghost. Mr Ghulam Mohd. Sadiq, said to be a liberal, emancipated, progressive and secular person passed, as state Education Minister in Bakhshi Ghulam Mohd. Ministry an impugned order/circular that only 30 percent seats at the maximum be allowed to the KP boys seeking admission to academic colleges for higher education, not to talk of admission to professional institutes. What tale hangs thereby is obvious. And it was allowed to take effect when the state followed the declared policy/program of free education to all up to postgraduate level. In order to curtail and curb and demoralize the brilliant KP youth from obtaining admission in academic and professional colleges in the state various impediments and hurdles were put up in the form of admission committees, selection boards and boards for categorizing and classifying the admission seekers. The tacit purpose was to dissuade and deprive them of all possible opportunities for progress and advancement. How ironical it is that the son of Muslim Chief Secretary was deemed and acknowledged as backward while his Jamadar-Ramjoo’s son was declared forward and not entitled to the award of the backward certificate! The resultant mood among the KPs was naturally underlined by preference for life and death some where else to economic strangulation and deprivation in the so called Naya Kashmir where communal prejudice and discrimination had become order of the day under the patronage of rulers known for secular credentials. There were writ petitions of scores of KP teachers and admission seekers in the Apex Court of the country and the state High Court for redressal of their genuine grievances and injustice meted out to them on the basis of belonging to the KP community. The powers that be minced no words in telling them that India is a vast country and KPs could go upto Raskumari (Cape Comorin). Where will the poor Muslims go? This was the import of the discourse of no less a person than late Sheikh Mohmmed Abdullah with a deputation of the KPs that called on him to give vent to their protest. We believed him to a majestic edifice sheltering us all. The signal was loud and clear – the KPs had better pack up and get scattered over the rest of India, it would be of no avail to them to stay back. Sheikh Sahib’s words made it abundantly clear what his motives were.</div>
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The agitation by the Muslims following the disappearance of the holy relic at Dargah Hazratbal in 1964 and the KP agitation following the conversion of an underage KP girl Parmeshwari to Islam was a severe setback to the existing KP social fabric. It aggravated the process of exodus of KPs that was going on quietly un-cared for by the so-called nationalists.</div>
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While concluding the era from 1931 to the end of 1985 I find it quite pertinent to quote here a few significant excerpts from the book “History of Kashmiri Pandits” by justice Jia Lal Kilam, also known as Sher-e-Babbar Kilam. He terminates his history at the point of time of the conversion of Muslim Conference to National Conference. Why he did so is intriguing and worth probing. He writes “But here we stop. What followed is matter of recent history in which the present writer has also played his humble part. It would indeed be embarrassing for the present writer to discuss facts that form a quite recent history”.</div>
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A person of Kilam Sahib’s status and caliber and with his rich and varied store of information and personal experience on the subject should not have chosen to cut it short and apply the break abruptly to bring the history of the sufferings of the tormented community and the events having bearing on life after the conversion of the Muslim Conference into National Conference to a grinding halt. It should be apparent that there could not be any justification to abandon the narrative kept alive by his compelling historical impulse to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity. He ought not to have left the community in the lurch by leaving the story untold. Obviously there must have been more compelling and urgent considerations – political, social and last but not the least personal, that must have constrained the roaring lion of the KP community to become tame and quiet. Is not discretion the better part of valour?</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Sixth Exodus</span></div>
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The mastermind behind the planning and architect of Shah Masjid within the premises of an ancient temple inside the New Civil Secretariat area at Jammu was Mr. Gul Shah ‘Padsha’ and his brigade of hoodlums and hooligans (sirwallas), after he had snatched political power from his estranged brother-in-law Dr. Farooq Abdullah. Gul Shah held the reigns of power as Chief Minister for a spell of twenty months. His regime was the worst ever in the post independence history of the state. Every Kashmiri, even every child who had attained age of consciousness then, will testify that Kashmir saw maximum number of curfew days during Shah Sahib’s mis-rule. He earned the appellation ‘Gul Curfew’ not unjustifiably and undeservedly. Chaos and confusion held its sway all over. Law and order suffered a complete break down. Anarchy spread its tentacles in political, social and economic area. Corruption was rampant.</div>
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The valiant people of Jammu did not take Shah Sahib’s heroic deed lying down. They poured out into the streets. There were demonstrations and protest marches throughout Jammu against this avowedly Islamic act of the CM in a secular state. Shah was not only haughty but also unpredictable and deeply vindictive. Accompanied by some of his trusted Muslim officers and bureaucrats like Sheikh Gulam Rasool, the former chief secretary, who could boast of brave exploits of having evicted some KPs from EP Quarters, Gulshah entered Srinagar on 20th February, 1986 and provoked the Muslims to communalise the situation in Kashmir in view of what had happened in Jammu and deliberately raised the boggy of ‘Islam Khatre Mein Hai’ (Islam is in danger) and excited and raked his Lushkar (Brigade) known as Lushkari Gulshah Padshah among the local people into a violent and bloody stance end then directed them towards Kashmiri Pandits for no fault of theirs. At his behest they went on a unleashed spree of desecrating their temples and places of worship and shrines, torching their cowsheds and molesting their womenfolk. This time it was in south Kashmir that had in the post-independence time remained untouched by the loot arson, murder, molestation and rapes by the tribal invaders with the active support of Pakistan in league with its stooges in Kashmir. They had not suffered the ordeal and trauma that the KPs in Baramulla district had passed through in the wake of partition in 1947. The then Congress (I) President, Mufti Mond. Syed, the former Union Home Minister, patronized a member of his clan Qazi Nissar, a crude and confirmed fundamentalist and theologian to spearhead the movement against the KPs in Southern Kashmir where the latter commanded a vast influence and audience. This provided the hawk like Farooq Abdullah a golden opportunity to go for fishing in the troubled waters. The anti-KP tirade of repression spread like wild fire. The main targets were their temples to what was a lightning operation temples at Vanpoh, Lukbhawan, Anantnag, Salar, Fatehpur, Akoora and so many places in South Kashmir and those in and around Sopore in north Kashmir the birth place of Jamaite Islami leader, Ali Shah Gillani were rampaged, demolished and leveled to ground and destroyed in fire. It was like Sultan Slkandar the iconoclast (butshikan) having been recalled to life. Putting the pieces together it is very easy to discover that it was a planned design of the pseudo secularists and the Muslim fundamentalists with Qazi Nissar in the vanguard hatched not only to destroy the property of the KPs but also it bred a fear psychosis in their mind so as to facilitate and precipitate their early flight from the Valley. It was the shadow of the coming events. It did cause a tremor in the KP psyche and many a sagacious person was wakeful enough to read the writing on the wall and take time by the forelock. Not a tear was shed by the then Government of the State or the Central Government. The light that Mahatma Gandhi had sighted in Kashmir was beginning to fade. The KPs were frightened and armed by the psychological onslaught by the forces inimical to India on the patriotic community of the KPs. The episode of 1986, in fact, made two things crystal clear:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Kashmir is for Kashmiri Musalman only. Islam can exist and flourish there and there is no place or scope for any other religion or it followers to co-exist in Kashmir.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The slogan of secularism with reference to Kashmir in particular is a farce and a facade rendered hollow and a hoax by the passage of time and the behaviour of the State and Central Governments viz. Kashmir secularism as a concept and way of life had become cold and dead and lay buried deep in the same Kashmir where, during the bloody days proceeding and following the partition of India, the Father of the Nation, Bapu had seen a ray of hope of survival of communal amity and harmony; It turned out to be a myopic sight. The myth had got exploded with a bang, whether they heard it in India or not. They heard it in deed, but they paid no heed or were indifferent or did not care about it, since it touched neither their skin nor their heart. It touched them no where at all.</li>
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The Indian intelligentsia and leadership of all hues and labels remained mute spectators. The mass media looked the other way. The Indian Army and security forces stationed in the Valley could not come to the rescue and succour of the unhinged and terrorized KPs. The State administration gloated and laughed up its sleeve at their plight and anguish. It was at this juncture that the KP lost his forth and trust in both the State and the Central administration. Both betrayed his faith and turned out to be pusillanimous in the extreme. The very soul of India was gasping for breath; the very corner stone of India’s composite cultural tradition was dislodged; the backbone of Indian polity was broken; the spirit of the constitution of India was hacked. It appeared that the State Administration and the anti-KP and anti-national elements were in league with each other for the former did nothing to assuage the emotional pain caused by the communal violence. The KP looked at the situation in a historical perspective and its analysis left him in no doubt that it formed a link in the chain of persecution of KPs at the hands of the Muslims. Those who were not complacent and doubted the effectiveness of the Indian polity took the cue and planned their quiet exit from the Valley where the latter-day Chengezes and Tartars in the form of Gulla Shahs, Farooqs, Syed Mir Qassims, Qazi Nissars etc. with their inherited convert’s blood and zeal were there to carry on their tradition in a modern drafty manner. Thousand of KPs saw no redeeming feature in the way things were shaping and found no option but to make preparation or rather be in a state of preparedness for deserting their motherland physically and mentally. The truth is that numerous families disposed of their immovable property and left the valley for good.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">The Seventh and Final Exodus</span></div>
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The wounds inflicted on the Kashmiri Hindus in the 1986 disturbances were not allowed to heal. Looking back now the episode looks like a mild arm twisting of the State administration and that of the so-called mighty India to gauge their real might and will-power to deal with recurrence of such disturbing situations. The unexpected speed with which anti-India and anti-Kashmiri Hindu designs, the seeds of which read been sown over the years, began to unfold themselves was the most terrifying thing about it. The madrasas financed and run by the Jamait-e-Islami had poisoned the mind of the younger generation with Islamic fundamentalism under dictation from the theocratic Pakistan. The Jamaite-Islami activists had crept into the services at a large scale. They had found their way even into the top rung of the State machinery and also influenced and won the members of the bureaucracy that crossed over to their side. So for all practical purposes the State bureaucracy was hand in glove with pro-Pak elements and forces that had most sinister plans up their sleeves.</div>
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Though Dr. Farooq Abdullah saddled himself in power by allegedly rigged elections in 1987, the power had, as a matter of fact, slipped from his hands. The Muslim United Front, a new fangled Muslim outfit owing political allegiance to Pakistan did not take its defeat at the busting lying down and vowed to get its own back. A monster with virulent fangs was harnessing itself for the charge. The Government headed by the nincompoop chief minister was too inefficient to crush the monster raising its horrible head. Law and order machinery that had developed cracks became steadily defunct. Farooq Abdullah openly admitted having sent numerous Kashmiri Muslim youth to Pak for training in arms. He released about seventy of them soon after they had been arrested. It is clear that armed insurgency and subversive activities were receiving state patronage and protection.</div>
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Original article- <a href="https://indianindology.com/2017/10/27/exodus-of-kashmiri-pundits-history-of-kashmir/" target="_blank">indianindology.com- Surinder Negi</a></div>
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</h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.ikashmir.net/exodus/chapter1.html" target="_blank">Kashmiri Hindus</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://koausa.org/Folk/folk4.html" target="_blank">History of Kashmiri Hindus</a></div>
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<a href="https://hindugenocide.com/islamic-jihad/seventh-exodus-of-kashmiri-hindus-4l-hindus-estranged-overnight/" target="_blank">hindugenocide.com</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.jammukashmirnow.com/Encyc/2019/1/19/Kashmiri-Hindus-Continuously-on-Target-since-Muslim-Rule-in-14th-Century.html" target="_blank">Hindus of kashmir no one cared for until Modi removed Article 370.</a></div>
</div>
Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-62308091530044157312019-01-05T22:00:00.000-08:002019-01-05T22:00:17.289-08:00Battle Of Haldighati and aftermath battle of Dewar-Maharana Pratap -Truth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gnsH3O9GCpikv1AEWg6ICeRtkLg90VXjJ5Lx_-evROt6CgzZengpSRiY8q55xZ6nmCyLKzKxKeV6VifGnNSKmx1GO-fgL-KcDRqVvUnhuYBA_4trYGPM8TDYYb2v_1dJ8PG3IGdRJb8/s1600/maharana4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gnsH3O9GCpikv1AEWg6ICeRtkLg90VXjJ5Lx_-evROt6CgzZengpSRiY8q55xZ6nmCyLKzKxKeV6VifGnNSKmx1GO-fgL-KcDRqVvUnhuYBA_4trYGPM8TDYYb2v_1dJ8PG3IGdRJb8/s640/maharana4.jpg" width="590" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.003em;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.84); font-family: medium-content-serif-font, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.003em;">Numbers and Composition of Armies:</span><br />
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Sesodia army:</span></div>
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Al-Badayuni, an eye-witness of the battle, gives a number of 3,000 for the army of Rana Pratap. This number seems to be very accurate by any realistic estimate. We know that at Chittor, a garrison of 8,000 best Sesodia soldiers was present, but most of it was slaughtered and thus, the men that managed to escape could not have been greater than 3,000. Apart from the main Sesodia army, Rana Pratap received help from Raja Ram Singh Tomar, the king of Gwalior who had lost his kingdom to the Mughals, and Hakim Singh Sur, an Afghan enemy of the Mughals who contributed some 300 Afghan horsemen. Taking these into account, the men under Pratap number no more than 4,000, and since a garrison of at least 1,000 men had to be placed at Kumbhalgarh, we arrive at a maximum number of 3,000 for the army of Rana Pratap. His army was organised in this way:</div>
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(i) Vanguard — 800 Afghan and Rajput horsemen. The Afghan horsemen were led by Hakim Khan Sur, and the Rajput horsemen were led by Bhim Singh Dodia, and Ramdas Rathore (son of Jaimal who died during 1568 siege of Chittor),<br />(ii) Right wing — 500 horsemen led by Raj Singh Tomar and his sons, along with the minister Bhama Shah and his brother Tarachand,<br />(iii) Left wing — 400 horsemen of the Jhala clan commanded by Man Singh Jhala (also known as Bida Mana),<br />(iv) The Center — 1,300 horsemen commanded by Rana Pratap himself.</div>
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Pratap had possession of two elephants, <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Lona</em> and <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ram Prasad</em>, while had no musket or artillery as they had to be left in Kumbhalgarh for it’s protection against a siege. Pratap also received aid from a Bhil chieftain of Merpur in the form of 400 Bhil bowmen, but these bowmen were in the rear and were only used to ply their arrows from the forest or hill cover. Since the battle was fought in a pitched style in an open plain, the Bhil bowmen had no influence on the battle whatsoever and hence, their numbers should not be added to the total strength of the army.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Mughal army:</span></div>
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The army of 10,000 (infantry, cavalry, archers and muskets) was commanded by Man Singh Kacchwa. The army had possession of matchlock muskets and many elephants. Nearly 5,000 were Muslims under imperial service, while 5,000 were Rajputs and other Hindu auxiliaries. Apart from the Sheikhzadas of Fatehpur Sikri, and the Sayyids of Barha, the imperial Mughal army was mainly made up of Central Asian cavaliers and horse archers who were Uzbeks, Qazzaqs, Badakshis, and from other tribes. The army was organised in this way:</div>
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(i) Front — Skirmishers made up of 75 selected horsemen under command of Sayyid Hashim Barha,<br />(ii) Vanguard — Made up of Kacchwa clansmen led by Jagannath Kacchwa and Central Asian Mughals led by Bakshi Ali Asaf Khan (a Khwaja of Kazvin),<br />(iii) Reserve — Kacchwa clansmen under Madho Singh Kacchwa,<br />(iv) Centre — Led by Man Singh,<br />(v) Left wing — Central Asian Muslims led by Mulla Qazi Khan of Badakshan, troops from Sambhar led by Rao Lunkarn Shekhawat and Sheikhzadas from Fatehpur Sikri,<br />(vi) Right wing — Made up of Sayyids of Barha who were famous for their valour and played a decisive role in the battle,<br />(vii) Rear — Central Asian Muslims Commanded by Mehtar Khan</div>
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— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — -</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Battle:</span></div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Stage I — Mughal Defeat:</span></div>
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The battle was started when Pratap led a ferocious frontal assault against the large Mughal army which was divided into conventional divisions as has been described in the previous post. At the head of the charge was the vanguard made up of ferocious Afghans under Hakim Khan Sur, and the Rajputs under Ramdas Rathore who routed the 75 skirmishers under Sayyid Hashmim Barha making them flee for their lives. The Afghan-Rajput vanguard then collapsed into the vanguard of the Mughal army which was commanded by Jagannath Kacchwa and Ali Asaf Khan. The Mughal vanguard was also broken and forced to give ground due to the great slaughter of Mughal troops led by Ramdas Rathor, Bhim Singh Dodia and Hakim Khan Sur. Behind the vanguard, the 3 parallel divisions of the Sesodia army were following and they too collapsed into the corresponding enemy divisions. The Mughal left wing (made up of Rajputs, Sheikhzadas of Fatehpur Sikri and Badakshis) was utterly routed and all it’s men either fled or took refuge in the right wing. Therefore, the plan of Rana Pratap to put all he had in one cavalry charge with great momentum and break the enemy lines seemed to be successful in the start. The left wing of the army and it’s vanguard sustained an utter defeat, and the official historian Al Badayuni says that <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">“they fled away without drawing rein for miles.”</em> Lunkarn Shekhawat and Qazi Khan were thus routed by Ram Singh Tomar, and Ram Singh Tomar (along with his three sons) now joined the centre and stood in front of Rana Pratap so as to protect him.</div>
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The right wing was also greatly pressed but luckily for the Mughals, the Sayyids of Barha bravely held their ranks inspite of the great slaughter led by the Jhalas. They were further strengthened by the reserve sent by Man Singh, and in this way, the right wing proved to be the pivot point of the battle. Man Singh proceeded to engage the centre led by Rana Pratap, and commanded Mehtar Khan (who was in the rear) to come forward and cover his left flank which was exposed due to the rout of his left wing. By this time, the momentum of the Pratap’s initial cavalry charge had been lost, and the battle entered the second stage.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Stage II — Stalemate:</span></div>
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Pratap followed the tactic of making simultaneous head-long charge by parallel solid columns of cavalry and then pursue the enemy if they break. In order to make this charge decisive, he had to invest all his manpower in it. His total strength was too small to allow him any measure of precaution, or to let him keep any rear or reserve. His ferocious assault led by Ramdas Rathore and Hakim Khan Sur was greatly effective but the Mughal army was three times as large, and as soon as the initial impetus of his charge exhausted, he became helpless. His horsemen were soon surrounded by horse archers and guns from three sides who started killing best soldiers and leaders of Mewar, one by one. The centre led by Pratap was also engaged by main body of Mughal army led by Man Singh, and the fight now became general. The Kacchwas fought with extreme anger and fury with their hereditary enemies and personal remarks and insults were being hurled from each side towards another. Many Kacchwas and Sesodias were thus slain, and the horse archers who surrounded them plied their arrows indiscriminately on the massive crowd of Rajputs. When asked by Al Badayuni, how their archers would distinguish between friendly and enemy Rajputs, the bigoted Ali Asaf Khan assured him, <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">“on whichever side a man falls, it is a gain to Islam because it is one Hindu the less.”</em></div>
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Thus, the battle had been stabilised. Because of the small numbers, Pratap had no rear or reserve to follow up the initial success gained by a ferocious and headlong frontal assault. Pratap staked everything in making one bold charge on every front, and even though he was awarded with significant initial success, the Mughal centre and reserve had now come forward to repair the damage, while there was no reserve for Pratap to follow up his initial success.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Stage III — Elephant Combats:</span></div>
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The Sesodia men were loosing their morale by seeing themselves surrounded in three sides and the Muslims plying their arrows and musket shots on them continuously. All the divisions of the army were now being pushed towards the centre, and the charges led by Mewar horsemen could not build enough momentum so as to break enemy lines, due to the dead bodies lying everywhere. Therefore, to break the enemy line, Rana Pratap ordered an attack by his elephants who were reserved for later.</div>
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The first elephant, <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Lona</em> crushed many enemy troops but was now opposed by the Mughal elephant <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Gaj-mukta</em>. The two elephants made a head-on collision, and the Mughal elephant was left dazed. Before <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Lona</em> could advance further, his driver was hit by a bullet and the elephant retreated to the Mewar centre. The second elephant, <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ram Prasad</em> made an even greater impact and sent many Mughals flying. To oppose him, two Mughal elephants, <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Gajraj</em> and <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ran-madar</em> were sent. Before these heavily armoured beasts could clash into each other, the driver of <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ram Prasad</em>, Pratap Singh Tomar was shot down by an arrow. Now, a driver from one of the Mughal elephants quickly jumped onto <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ram Prasad</em> and managed to bring it under his control.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Close of the battle — Sesodia army withdraws:</span></div>
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After the brief elephant combat, the hand-to-hand combat was resumed. The men who lost their horses, now weilded their daggers and swords to attack the men of Men Singh Kacchwa. Ram Singh Tomar always kept in front of Rana Pratap and according to Al Badayuni, he <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">“performed such prodigies of valour against the Rajputs of Man Singh as to baffle description. Similarly, the young heroes who acted as the bodyguards of Man Singh performed such exploits as were a perfect model.”</em> The battle had raged for nearly three hours by then, and the Rana was now wounded by arrows and spears. The battle had turned irretrievably against the Maharana, and both the left and right wings had now crowded into the centre. Man Singh Jhala (also known as Bida Mana) who commanded the left wing, now knew that a defeat in the battle was certain, but the war could still be won if the Rana managed to escape from the battle. Therefore, he snatched away the royal umbrella (<em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">chattri</em>) from over the head of the Rana, and ran into the Mughal lines with it, shouting that he was the Maharana and challenged the imperial soldiers to capture him. Every Mughal captain who immensely wished to earn the honour of being the killer of the emperor’s great enemy rushed towards him, and Bida Mana died a martyr’s death. Rana Pratap along with every alive soldier, all the supplies and civilians managed to escape and left nothing behind. A pursuit was not done because Man Singh was afraid of any ambush that might have been planted in the narrow Haldighati pass. Because of this, Rana Pratap had ample time to evacuate Gogunda with all the baggage and supplies and when the Mughal army proceeded to capture Gogunda on the next day (19th June), they found it empty. All they found there was some brave Rajputs who had volunteered to stay back so as to protect their temples. Since Rana Pratap had banned every kind of farming, cultivation or herding while Chittor was under the enemy, there was absolutely nothing in the countryside for the Mughals. Apparently, the only spoil they gained from the battle was the elephant <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Ram Prasad</em>.</div>
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Even though the Sesodias had to retreat, the battle should be considered a tactical victory for them as they managed to escape without giving any prisoners or supplies, even when outnumbered three to one; and their resistance against Mughals was never halted in future.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">I. Failure of Man Singh</span></div>
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After a “victory” in the battle on 18th June, Man Singh collected his exhausted troops and reached Gogunda on 19th June, but it was completely evacuated by now, and therefore, no booty was gained. Rana Pratap, along with his army relocated to the region around Kumbhalgarh and started a guerrilla campaign against Man Singh. Also, Rana issued an order banning the raising of any types of crops. This was a deathblow to the men of Man Singh, as they quickly exhausted all the supplies in the range of their foraging parties, while the supply caravans arriving from Mughal base in Western Mewar were all looted by Rana’s men. Therefore, Man Singh could not sustain his army and elephants, and abandoned his position at Gogunda, leaving behind some men in the towns that he had occupied. In a few days after he left, all of eastern Mewar including his capital Gogunda was quickly liberated by Pratap, and new raids were made into Western part of the kingdom. Man Singh was assigned the task to capture the Rana and make him submit, and in this, he utterly failed.</div>
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Now, Man Singh’s army moved to Ajmer where they met Akbar who had arrived there on 26th September, 1576. Akbar was very disappointed at Man Singh’s failure to suppress the Rana, and himself took a large army to Gogunda and established military posts at Mohi, Madar and many other places. One army was sent to occupy the small town of Udaipur which was only in it’s infancy then and another was sent against the chief of Idar (an ally of Mewar) who had revolted just after hearing of Pratap’s success against the Mughals, and raided Mughal territory. The Rao of Idar was forced to submit. Before coming to Gogunda, Akbar had also subjugated the chiefs of Sirohi and Jalor who were allies of Mewar and they too had revolted after Pratap’s success againt Man Singh, and raided Mughal territory. They were all made to submit, and the territory of Rana was encircled. Akbar, now sent a large army under Man Singh Kacchwa, Bhagwant Singh Kacchwa and Qutbuddin. They were given the task to follow Pratap into the hills, bring him out, capture his strongholds and make him submit. But this army was again harassed by guerrilla tactics of Rana Pratap who looted all their supply trains. Due to the lack of supplies, Man Singh and Bhagwant Singh retreated back to their base, without fighting a single battle. Akbar was extremely displeased and angered at this, and refused audience to Man Singh. Meanwhile, poor success of Man Singh in suppressing the Rana was presented to Akbar by his enemies as being due to his sympathy for the Rana, both being Hindu Rajputs. But Akbar realised that all these complaints were merely the result of their envy at seeing a Hindu’s rise to the highest rank in the Mughal court. Abu Fazl describes these envious courtiers as <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">“tricksters, time-servers and evil-inclined wordspinners.”</em> Disappointed Akbar then left Mewar for Malwa, and all his military outposts in Eastern Mewar were destroyed and their garrisons were slaughtered. Eastern Mewar was again liberated immediately by Rana Pratap, and raids into the Mughal territories started again.</div>
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Aftermath of Haldighati(only Haldighati not all campainags are taken into account)</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">II. First Campaign of Shahbaz Khan</span></div>
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The failed and disappointed Akbar left Mewar on 27th November, 1576. As soon as he left, Maharana liberated Udaipur and Gogunda, and slaughtered Mughal garrisons of Mohi and other places. According to <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Vir Vinod</em>, Maharana did not sit peacefully for even one minute; and during this time, he did not even remove his armour and helmet. The road from Agra through Mewar was captured, and thus, the path of the Mughal armies and the path of Mecca pilgrims going to Gujrat through Mewar were blocked. Mughal emperor became furious at this, but now he was in Meerut. From there he sent a large army under Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, Man Singh Kacchwa, Maharaja Bhagwant Singh Kacchwa, Payanda Khan Mughal, Sayyid Hashim Barha, Ulag Asad Turkoman, Mirza Khan Khankhana, Sharif Khan Atgah, Ghazi Khan Badakshi, Sayyid Qasim, Sayyid Raju etc.</div>
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Shahbaz Khan was a <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Mir Bakshi</em> of the Mughal empire appointed in 1572 and had proved himself in many great campaigns. On reaching Mewar on 15th October, 1577, he started his mission to capture Rana. But he was greatly harassed by guerrilla units of Pratap, and therefore, he requested another army from Agra. Akbar sent another large army under Sheikh Ibrahim Fatehpuri and it joined the forces under Shahbaz Khan Kamboh. Before proceeding towards Kumbhalgarh, Shahbaz Khan sent Man Singh and his father Bhagwant Singh back, as he did not want any Hindus to accompany him on this campaign. This completely Muslim army then marched straight towards Kumbhalgarh and mercilessly destroyed villages and towns, and slaughtered innocent people of Mewar. After a siege of several months, a small fort of Kelwara was captured, and from there Shahbaz Khan laid seige on Kumbhalgarh, where Rana was present with his army. Here, luck ran in Shahbaz Khan’s way, and a big gun of Kumbhalgarh exploded and destroyed most of the war materials and supplies. Rana Pratap evacuated the fort overnight and in the morning, the empty fort was captured by Shahbaz Khan. Maharana again took refuge in forests and hills. He first went to Rampura which was ruled by Rao Durga. Here, he was warmly welcomed and given protection by his clan-brothers. After this, the Rana went to the hills of Banswara and lived there for some months. While living here, he received help from his prime minister Bhama Shah who sent 250,000 rupees and 20,000 gold coins his way (apparently, he gained this wealth by looting Mughal territories) and these helped the exhausted Rana to strengthen his army and prepare for his conquest of those areas which were now occupied by Shahbaz Khan.</div>
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Meanwhile, from Kumbhalgarh, Shahbaz Khan launched attacks on Udaipur and Gogunda and captured them. After this, he wandered in hills of Mewar searching for Rana, but after three months, he returned empty-handed to Akbar. For all his boasts in the Mughal court, he did not fight a single battle with Pratap and gained no major booty. Before leaving, he established 50 military posts and garrisons in the forts that he captured. During his campaigns, he did a lot of destruction, burned cities and engaged in bloody massacres of civilians. However, it had the exact opposite effect, and as soon as he left, Kumbhalgarh and all forts and towns were liberated by Pratap, and the Muslim garrisons were completely slaughtered without leaving a single man alive. Thus, Pratap paid him back in his own coin, and the success of his long campaign was nullified.</div>
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With this ended the first campaign of Shahbaz Khan. It was not a success but with some luck, he still managed to capture Kumbhalgarh in a very short time. He proved to be a great general and his march from Gogunda to Udaipur was so quick that it has been greatly praised by military historians. Akbar was impressed by him, and as soon as Rana again started raiding Mughal territories, he sent Shahbaz Khan again to Mewar. I’ll write about the later campaigns of Shahbaz Khan in the next post.</div>
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Before ending, let us see in more detail the activities of Pratap after Shahbaz Khan left, and how he liberated Mewar again.</div>
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After hearing that Shahbaz Khan had departed after loosing his hope, Rana moved to Chappan mountains, leaving his earlier position in Banswara. After gaining financial help from his Prime Minister Bhama Shah, he attacked the Mughal army stationed at Diwer. This army was led by Sultan Khan and he faced the Rajputs bravely. In the battle, Sultan Khan was killed by a spear thrown by Amar Singh Sesodia, prince of Mewar. Another soldier of Mewar badly injured the Mughal elephant. The battle was easily won and the Mughal soldiers fled or were killed. After gaining control over Diwer, Pratap captured Hamirsara and set out to besiege Kumbhalgarh. After a brief siege, the mighty fortress was captured and the Mughal soldiers there were slaughtered. Ghazi Khan Badakshi, the man who was put in the command of Kumbhalgarh by Shahbaz Khan, was beheaded by the Rana. After this, Jawar, Chappan, Bagad, Chavand etc. were all captured from the Mughals, and the Rana made Chavand his centre for a next few days.</div>
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After this, raids were launched everywhere in the Mughal territories as far as Malwa. Tarachand, the brother of Bhamashah, who had also fought at Haldighati, was campaiging near Bassi and there, he met Shahbaz Khan who was on his way back to Panjab. Tarachand was defeated and badly wounded. Rao Chaindas escorted him safely to Chavand. Meanwhile, the chiefs of Dungarpur and Banswara and the former allies of Rana, Rao Aaskaran and Rao Pratap respectively, now started having friendly relations with Akbar. This alarmed Pratap and he sent an army under Rawatman to bring them under his control. The armies of Rawatman were helped by Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur, and they met with the joined armies of Dungarpur and Banswara at the river Som. Rawatman was victorious in this battle, and both the chiefs temporarily accepted Maharana’s suzerainty. But after some time, Dungarpur, Banswara again revolted and this time, they received help from the Mughals in the form of a large army. Another battle took place at the Som river, and this time, Pratap was not successful. But it kept the Mughals busy and gave Pratap more time to strengthen his hold over Mewar. Meanwhile, Sahmal, the son of Rao Aaskaran of Dungarpur, who hated the Mughals, joined the Rana in Chavand. Rana now occupied the plains of Mewar and started waiting for the next step of Akbar. So far, Akbar had gained almost nothing from his numerous campaigns.</div>
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<span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700;">Later campaigns of Shahbaz Khan</span></div>
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After hearing about Pratap’s activities and raids, Akbar was outraged and again sent Shahbaz Khan to his second campaign, as he had done a satisfactory job in the first campaign. This time Akbar gave him strict orders that his goal was to make Rana accept Mughal suzerainty, and this was to be accomplished at all costs. Shahbaz Khan was given huge amount of money, so that the Rajputs can be bought off, if necessary. Turkic military leaders like Muhammad Hussain Mirza, Sheikh Timur Badakshi, Ali Khan etc. accompanied him. After reaching Mewar, Shahbaz Khan started building military posts and strengthening his control over cities and towns. After this he wandered cluelessly in hills and forests of Mewar, looking for Rana. But Rana was nowhere to be found. After losing hope, he returned back to Agra, and Rana became active once again. Meanwhile, Rao Chandrasen, an ally of Pratap, revolted and marched with his army to Ajmer. Here he was defeated by a huge army in command of Payan Muhammad Khan. This revolt kept Mughals busy and gave Pratap some time to establish control over Mewar.</div>
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Now, Akbar was becoming restless. He had conquered everything from Khandesh to Kashmir, and Gujrat to Bengal, but was continuously failing to subjugate Mewar. He offered many prayers in Khwaja mosque of Ajmer, but he never saw much success. After praying for a long time in the Ajmer mosque in October 1579, Akbar sent Shahbaz Khan to Mewar for the 3rd time. Pratap went into the hills again. Shahbaz Khan did all he could, and searched every corner of Mewar, but this time, Rana had taken refuge in mountains of Sodha, which are at a distance of 12 k.m. from Mt. Abu. Here Rao Dhula of Loyana gave him full respect and protection. He married his daughter to Maharana, and Maharana gave him the title of <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Rana</em>. Akbar was saddened by another failure, and in disappointment, he called Shahbaz Khan back in July 1580. Rustom Khan, the subehdar of Ajmer, was assigned to leadership of Mewar campaigns, but before he could proceed, Kacchwa Rajputs of Sherpura revolted. Rustom Khan went to suppress this revolt but was killed. Now, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana (popularly known as <em class="markup--em markup--p-em" style="font-feature-settings: "liga", "salt";">Rahim</em>), a famous Hindi poet, was appointed subehdar of Ajmer and was given the task to capture Rana.e, Amar Singh arrested women from the enemy camp along with a Mughal officer and brought them before Pratap. Rana Pratap rebuked his son for this act. He ordered to send women back to their camp with escorts.When Rahim Khan-e-Khana who was preparing to assault Maharana Pratap came to know this incident, he withdrew his forces.</div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">The Aftermath form a basis wheather the battle was really a </span><span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Victory </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">or a </span><span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Stalemate, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">the readers can decide</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Eg.</span><span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Battle of Dewar(1606)-Rana Amar Singh</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;"> personally killed the Mughal commander Sultan Khan and his horse, due to which he is known as </span><span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Chakrveer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">(also called </span><span class="markup--strong markup--p-strong" style="font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.063px;">Chakraveer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.063px;">). Parviz and Asaf Khan retreated from the battlefield but majority of historian call it stalemate as Rana was eventually defeated in 1615…now compare it with Haldighati</span></div>
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<a class="markup--anchor markup--mixtapeEmbed-anchor" data-href="http://historum.com/asian-history/118334-battle-haldighati-s-aftermath-2.html" href="http://historum.com/asian-history/118334-battle-haldighati-s-aftermath-2.html" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); display: table-cell; padding: 20px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle;" title="http://historum.com/asian-history/118334-battle-haldighati-s-aftermath-2.html"><span class="markup--strong markup--mixtapeEmbed-strong" style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: -8px;">Battle of Haldighati and it's aftermath - Page 2 - Historum - History Forums</span><br /><span class="markup--em markup--mixtapeEmbed-em" style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.68); display: block; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: -1px; max-height: 120px; overflow: hidden;">Originally Posted by sonofstars I watched Bharat Ka Veer Putra Maharana Pratap (we got it in Canada !), which was…</span>historum.com<br /></a><a class="js-mixtapeImage mixtapeImage u-ignoreBlock" data-media-id="fda0f282c7b651747babad14742fcb31" data-thumbnail-img-id="0*5sHK5b06CJgvxc-T." href="http://historum.com/asian-history/118334-battle-haldighati-s-aftermath-2.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; background-image: url("https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/fit/c/320/320/0*5sHK5b06CJgvxc-T."); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.09) 0px 0px 0px 1px inset; box-sizing: border-box; display: table-cell; height: 160px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle; width: 160px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></a></div>
Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-21551654460748070062018-12-24T14:21:00.000-08:002018-12-24T14:21:42.400-08:00हिन्दू ह्रदय सम्राट महाराजा सूरजमलहिन्दू ह्रदय सम्राट महाराजा सूरजमल<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPevKXPS8HHgE3MVMHTQ6yUMNr4D50x0B29wa4nD0tW0yL4C62Y_mBETGDJxGvlwv6qo_0CmHf8nasfv8ULAaldWwyQG4Vfn9MLUqMUcELPU1iVyCP-6UKlw8jV5YIJfoTO00hpEmCTg4/s1600/Surajmal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="480" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPevKXPS8HHgE3MVMHTQ6yUMNr4D50x0B29wa4nD0tW0yL4C62Y_mBETGDJxGvlwv6qo_0CmHf8nasfv8ULAaldWwyQG4Vfn9MLUqMUcELPU1iVyCP-6UKlw8jV5YIJfoTO00hpEmCTg4/s640/Surajmal.jpg" width="630" /></a></div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>महाराजा सूरजमल एक ऐसे सम्राट थे जिन्हें पूरा हिंदुस्तान एक हिंदुआ सूरज के रूप में जानता है।</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्होंने मुगलों पठानों अफगानों रुहेलों ब्लुचों आदि सभी मुस्लिमो से लोहा लिया और उन्हें हराया।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनका साम्राज्य राजस्थान, हरियाणा, उत्तर प्रदेश, दिल्ली तक फैला हुआ था।और जटवाड़ा कहलाता था।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्होंने मंदिरों, गौमाता, सनातन संस्कृति के प्रतीक पीपल के पेड़, महिलाओं व हिन्दू धर्म की जीवनपर्यंत रक्षा की।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनके राज्य में गौहत्या और पीपल के पेड़ काटने पर प्रतिबंध था और मृत्युदंड का प्रावधान था।</div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>कुछ मुस्लिम शासकों में उनका इतना खौफ था कि उन्होंने अपने क्षेत्र में भी गौहत्या बन्द कर दी थी व गौहत्या करने वालों को फांसी की सजा देनी शुरू कर दी थी व वे इसकी जानकारी उन्हे पत्र लिखकर सौंपते थे।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनके होते हुए किसी भी महिला पर आंख उठाकर देखने की हिम्मत नहीं होती थी।उन्होंने एक हिन्दू लड़की हरदौल की इज्जत की रक्षा के लिए दिल्ली पर आक्रमण कर दिया था व उन्हें मुगलों से बचाया।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्हें हिन्दू एकता करने के लिए जाना जाता है उनका खजांची दलित था, उनका गुरु व सलाहकार ब्राह्मण था व उनकी सेना में सब जातियों के लोग थे।उनकी स्थायी सेना के अतिरिक्त उनके राज्य का हर नागरिक अस्थाई सैनिक था।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्होंने कई दूसरे राज्यों को भी जरूरत पड़ने पर सहायता की।उन्होंने मराठा, राजपूत समेत सब हिन्दू राजाओ की सहायता की।</div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>वे बहुत ही धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति के धनी थे।उन्होंने मथुरा भरतपुर गोवर्धन आदि समेत ब्रज क्षेत्र में सैंकड़ो मन्दिर तीर्थ स्थान घाट बनवाये।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्होंने अपनी राजधानी भरतपुर का नाम भगवान श्री राम के छोटे भाई भरत के नाम पर रखा। वे श्री कृष्ण भगवान के वंशज थे, बजरंग बली व भगवान लक्ष्मण के बहुत बड़े भक्त थे,और शूरसेन महाराज उनके कुलदेवता है एवं केला देवी माता उनकी कुलदेवी है।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनके युद्ध का झंडा कपिध्वज था जिस पर हनुमान जी की मूर्ति अंकित थी।उनकी रियासत के केसरिया झंडा हमेशा शान से लहराता रहा।</div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उन्हें दिल्ली में मुगलो का राज बीलकुल न सुहाता था उन्होंएँ दो बार दिल्ली में भगवा फहराया और मुगलो की ईंट से ईंट बजाकर बहुत बड़े क्षेत्र पर अधिकार कर लिया था।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>वे दोनों हाथों से तलवार चलाना जानते थे व उन्होंने छोटे बड़े लगभग 80 युद्ध किये थे जिनमे वे हमेशा विजयी रहे जिसके कारण उन्हें एक अजेय महाराजा के तौर पर जाना जाता है।</div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनके बनाये गया भरतपुर का लोहागढ़ किला देश का एकमात्र अजेय किला है जिसे न मुगल जीत पाये और न ही बाद में अंग्रेज।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>उनका राज्य बहुत ही विशाल, समृद्ध न्यायप्रिय और खुशहाल था। वे सादगी के प्रतीक थे व सिर्फ विशेष अवसरों पर ही मुकुट और राजशाही पौशाक पहनते थे।उनकी पगड़ी हमेशा मोरपंख से सजी रहती थी।</div>
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<span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/tc7/1.5/16/25b6.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">▶</span></span>वो जनता के बीच रहना पसंद करते थे व ज्यादातर अपनी लोकभाषा का ही प्रयोग करते थे।</div>
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Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-63401910915066869392018-12-02T17:56:00.000-08:002018-12-02T17:56:17.868-08:00राजा महेन्द्र प्रताप सिंह-अखंड भारत के प्रथम राष्ट्रपति<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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आजाद हिंद सरकार के संस्थापक महान स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी राजा महेंद्र प्रताप सिंह(1 दिसम्बर 1886-29 अप्रैल1979) जयंती</div>
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राजा महेंद्र प्रताप का जन्म मुरसान के राजा बहादुर घनश्याम सिंह के यहाँ खड्ग सिंह के रूप में हुआ।<br />बाद में उन्हें <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">हाथरस</span></span> के राजा हरिनारायण सिंह ने गोद ले लिया व उनका नाम महेंद्र प्रताप रखा।</div>
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उन्होने <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">निर्बल</span></span> समाचार पत्र की स्थापना की व भारतीयों में स्वतन्त्रता के प्रति जागरूकता लाने का काम किया।</div>
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वे विदेश गए कई देशों से भारत की स्वतंत्रता के लिए सहयोग मांगा और इसके बाद <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">काबुल</span></span>अफगानिस्तान में देश की प्रथम <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">आजाद_हिंद_सरकार</span></span> की स्थापना की।<br />वहां आजाद हिंद फौज बनाई और अखंड भारत के प्रथम राष्ट्रपति के मानक पद पर आसीन हुए। लेकिन सु वे वहां कामयाब नहीं हो सके।<br />अंग्रेजों ने इनके <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">सिर</span></span> पर इनमे रख दिया था व इसके बाद उनका राज्य हड़प लिया था।</div>
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इसके बाद वे दुनिया भर के देशों में समर्थन के लिए घूमे जापान में उन्होंने एग्जेक्युटिव बोर्ड ऑफ इंडिया की स्थापना की और रास बिहारी बोस उनके उपाध्यक्ष थे।<br />इस दौरान उन्हें<br />जापान से मार्को पोलो, जर्मनी ने ऑर्डर ऑफ रेड ईगल की उपाधि दी थी। वे चीन की संसद में भाषण देने वाले पहले भारतीय थे।<br />वे दलाई लामा से भी मिले थे।</div>
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बहुत से देशों में पहुँचे व भारतीयों पर हो रहे अत्याचार के बारे में विश्व को जागृत किया।दुनियाभर में फैले भारतीयों व उनके संगठनों को एक किया व फौज के निर्माण के।लिए प्रोत्साहित किया</div>
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उन्होंने ग़दर पार्टी के साथ मिलकर भी आजादी के लिए कार्य किया व फौज तैयार करने के लिए सारी योजनाएं बना ली।</div>
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फिर जापान से सब तैयार कर लिया लेकिन ऐन मौके पर जापानी मनमानी करते दिखे और अपमानजनक शर्ते रखने लगे तो राजा साहब ने उन्हें फटकार दिया और कहा कि वे अपने अनुसार कार्य करेंगे वे देश को आजाद कराने के लिए लड़ रहे हैं न कि फिर से गुलाम करने के लिए। इस पर जापानी बिफर पड़े उन्हके नजरबंद कर दिया। उसके बाद राजा साहब की सहमति से रास बिहारी बोस जी अध्यक्ष बने। इसी बोर्ड का नाम योजना के हिसाब से आजाद हिंद फौज रखा गया और दूसरी आजाद हिंद फौज तैयार हुई। इस तरह यह फौज एक दिन में नहीं बनी थी बल्कि राजा साहब के पूरे जीवनकाल का तप थी। उसके कुछ समय बाद आजाद हिंद फौज की बागडोर संभालने के लिए नेताजी को बुलाया गया था।</div>
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वे विश्वयुद्ध में अंग्रेजो का साथ देने के विरुद्ध थे और उन्होंने इस पर गांधी जी का विरोध किया।</div>
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उन्होंने विश्व मैत्री संघ की स्थापना की,उसी तर्ज पर आज uno बनने की शुरुआत हुई थी।</div>
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वे 32 सालों तक देश के लिए अपना परिवार छोड़कर दुनिया भर की खाक छानते रहे।<br />जब वे वापिस भारत पहुंचे तो <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">सरदार_पटेल</span></span> जी की बेटी <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">मणिकाबेन</span></span> उन्हें हवाई अड्डे पर लेने पहुंची थी।</div>
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1952 में उन्हें <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">नोबल</span></span> पुरस्कार के लिए भी नामित किया गया था।</div>
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1909 में वृन्दावन में <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">प्रेम</span></span> महाविद्यालय की स्थापना की जो तकनीकी शिक्षा के लिए भारत में प्रथम केन्द्र था। मदनमोहन मालवीय इसके उद्धाटन समारोह में उपस्थित रहे। ट्रस्ट का निर्माण हुआ-अपने पांच गाँव, वृन्दावन का राजमहल और चल संपत्ति का दान दिया। राजा साहब <a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"type":104,"tn":"*N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">श्रीकृष्ण</span></span></a> भक्त थे उन्ही के नाम पर उन्होंने देश का यह प्रथम तकनीकी प्रेम महाविद्दालय खोला था।उन्होंने अपनी आधी सम्पति इस विद्यालय को दान कर दी थी।</div>
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बनारस <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">हिंदू</span></span> विश्वद्यालय, अलीगढ़ विद्द्यालय, <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">कायस्थ</span></span> पाठशाला के लिए जमीन दान में दी। हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय के बोर्ड के <a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"type":104,"tn":"*N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">सदस्य</span></span></a> भी रहे।</div>
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उनकी दृष्टि विशाल थी। वे जाति, वर्ग, रंग, देश आदि के द्वारा मानवता को विभक्त करना घोर अन्याय, पाप और अत्याचार मानते थे। ब्राह्मण-भंगी को भेद बुद्धि से देखने के पक्ष में नहीं थे।</div>
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वृन्दावन में ही एक विशाल फलवाले उद्यान को जो 80 एकड़ में था, 1911 में <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">आर्य_प्रतिनिधि_सभा</span></span> उत्तर प्रदेश को दान में दे दिया। जिसमें आर्य समाज गुरुकुल है और राष्ट्रीय विश्वविद्यालय भी है।</div>
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मथुरा में किसानों के लिए <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">बैंक</span></span> खोला, अपने राज्य के गांवों में प्रारंभिक <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">पाठशालाएं</span></span>खुलवाई।</div>
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उनकी राष्ट्रवादी सोच के कारण कांग्रेस के नेता उन पर RSS का <a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"type":104,"tn":"*N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">एजेंट</span></span></a> होने का आरोप लगाते रहते थे।</div>
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उन्होंने चुनावों में बड़े बड़े दिग्गजों को धूल चटा दी थी।<br />उन्होंने निर्दलीय उम्मीदवार होते हुए भी भारत के पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री <a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"type":104,"tn":"*N"}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2?source=feed_text&epa=HASHTAG" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">अटल</span></span></a> बिहारी वाजपेयी जी की जमानत जब्त करवा दी थी।</div>
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उन्होंने छुआछूत को कम करने के लिए दलितों के साथ एक राजा होते हुए भी खाना खाया जो उस समय एक असामान्य बात थी।उन्होके <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">चर्मकार</span></span> समाज को जाटव की उपाधि दी थी।</div>
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उन्होंने अपनी सारी <span class="_5afx" style="direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span aria-label="hashtag" class="_58cl _5afz" style="font-family: inherit; unicode-bidi: isolate;">#</span><span class="_58cm" style="font-family: inherit;">संपत्ति</span></span> देश और शिक्षा के लिए दान कर दी थी।<br />अपनी अफगानिस्तान यात्रा के दौरान प्रधानमंत्री मोदी जी ने भी अपने भाषण में इनको नमन किया था।</div>
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ऐसे महान दानवीर स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी राष्ट्रवादी समाज सुधारक राजा महेंद्र प्रताप को उनकी जयंती पर उन्हें कोटि कोटि नमन।</div>
<br />Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-62631532691078316312018-11-27T19:39:00.000-08:002018-11-27T19:39:58.951-08:00Queen Karnavati- देवभूमि की वो महारानी, जिसने शाहजहां को हराया, 30 हजार मुगलों की नाक काटी<h1 class="single_post_title_main" itemprop="headline" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Hind; font-size: 34px; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 1.2; margin: 10px 0px; text-transform: capitalize; width: 345px;">
देवभूमि की वो महारानी, जिसने शाहजहां को हराया, 30 हजार मुगलों की नाक काटी</h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxGiPj8KAPnociU7aWZLLUnqGrv_CkTmCs5Ugvr2ufw0J3DjlhRAw8UXKsr2jRaCmPl8u138q3Ga8C3YV5xshPi7xcxVCJvECehZIeeZuBzeIEnn4vV7cLoFz687HLzU6Wn4pINLymHw/s1600/FB82CE93-5056-4992-8323-C89D1412E49B.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="972" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxGiPj8KAPnociU7aWZLLUnqGrv_CkTmCs5Ugvr2ufw0J3DjlhRAw8UXKsr2jRaCmPl8u138q3Ga8C3YV5xshPi7xcxVCJvECehZIeeZuBzeIEnn4vV7cLoFz687HLzU6Wn4pINLymHw/s320/FB82CE93-5056-4992-8323-C89D1412E49B.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">बहुत कम उत्तराखंडी शायद इस बात के बारे में जानते होंगे। अतीत के पन्नों से हम आपके लिए उत्तराखंड के शौर्य की एक दास्तान लेकर आए हैं। हमें यकीन है आपको ये कहानी पढ़कर गर्व होगा और आप लोगों तक उत्तराखंड की इस शौर्यगाथा को शेयर करेंगे। ये कहानी है गढ़वाल की </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">रानी कर्णावती</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> की। इस रानी ने मुगलों की बाकायदा नाक कटवायी थी और इसलिए कुछ </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">इतिहासकारों</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> ने उनका जिक्र नाक कटी रानी या नाक काटने वाली रानी के रूप में किया है। रानी कर्णावती ने गढ़वाल में अपने नाबालिग बेटे </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">पृथ्वीपतिशाह</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> के बदले तब शासन का कार्य संभाला था, जबकि दिल्ली में मुगल सम्राट शाहजहां का राज था। शाहजहां के कार्यकाल के दौरान बादशाहनामा लिखने वाले </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">अब्दुल हमीद लाहौरी</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> ने भी गढ़वाल की इस रानी का जिक्र किया है यहां तक कि नवाब शम्सुद्दौला खान ने 'मासिर अल उमरा' में उनका जिक्र किया है।</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">इटली के लेखक निकोलाओ मानुची जब सत्रहवीं सदी में भारत आये थे तब उन्होंने </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">शाहजहां</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> के पुत्र औरंगजेब के समय मुगल दरबार में काम किया था। उन्होंने अपनी किताब 'स्टोरिया डो मोगोर' यानि 'मुगल इंडिया' में गढ़वाल की एक रानी के बारे में बताया है जिसने </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">मुगल</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">सैनिकों की नाट काटी थी। माना जाता है कि स्टोरिया डो मोगोर 1653 से 1708 के बीच लिखी गयी थी जबकि मुगलों ने 1640 के आसपास गढ़वाल पर हमला किया था। रानी कर्णावती पवांर वंश के </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">राजा महिपतशाह</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> की पत्नी थी। महिपतशाह जब स्वर्ग सिधार गये।तो राजगद्दी पर उनके सात साल के पुत्र पृथ्वीपतिशाह ही बैठे लेकिन राजकाज उनकी मां रानी कर्णावती ने चलाया।</span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;"> गढ़वाल</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">की राजधानी श्रीनगर को बनाया गया और वहां से रानी कर्णावती ने अपना राज-पाठ संभाला।</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">इस बीच </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">शाहजहां</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> ने गढ़वाल पर आक्रमण करने का फैसला किया। 30 हजार घुड़सवारों और पैदल सेना के साथ गढ़वाल की तरफ कूच कर गया था।लेकिन </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">रानी कर्णावती</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> ने उन्हें अपनी सीमा में घुसने दिया। पहाड़ी रास्तों से अनभिज्ञ मुगल सैनिकों के पास खाने की सामग्री समाप्त होने लगी। उनके लिये रसद भेजने के सभी रास्ते भी बंद थे। रानी चाहती तो उसके सभी सैनिकों का खत्म कर देती लेकिन उन्होंने मुगलों को सजा देने का नायाब तरीका निकाला। रानी ने संदेश भिजवाया कि वह सैनिकों को जीवनदान दे सकती है लेकिन इसके लिये उन्हें अपनी </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">नाक </a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;">कटवानी होगी। सैनिकों को भी लगा कि नाक कट भी गयी तो क्या जिंदगी तो रहेगी। मुगल सैनिकों के हथियार छीन दिये गये थे और आखिर में उनके एक एक करके नाक काट दिये गये थे। कहा जाता है कि शाहजहां इस हार से काफी </span><a href="http://rajyasameeksha.com/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8510f; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">शर्मसार</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"> हुआ था। ये है गढ़वाल की रानी कर्णावती की कहानी।</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://rajyasameeksha.com/news/4388-story-of-rani-karnavati-of-garhwal-" target="_blank">Original link</a></span><br />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(27, 28, 42); color: #1b1c2a; font-family: Hind; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-34596917886394227502018-11-23T14:01:00.000-08:002018-11-23T14:01:35.159-08:00Colombia was a tyrant and murderer- not discovers <br />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: "Droid Sans", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Like most people in the world today, I grew up being indoctrinated to believe Christopher Columbus was a hero that discovered America, nothing could be further from the Truth.</span><br />
Read more - here <a href="https://www.the-open-mind.com/history-is-a-lie-christopher-columbus-was-not-a-hero-he-was-a-murderer-tyrant/?fbclid=IwAR27VYTP6fq2KnrFZ3tXQiFpm1Le3jmhN5GN7hdBnaYWbW03aSa9co5IG-E" target="_blank">history is a-lie christopher Columbus was tyrant</a><br />
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<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Image credit: <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/views/2017/10/06/christopher-columbus-no-monuments-murderers" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Common Dreams</a></em></div>
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Not only did Christopher Columbus not discover the Americas — since it was already inhabited and he was actually in search of India and therefore lost — but he was what could justifiably be called a psychopath, since he oversaw mass murders, tortures and rapes carried out under his watch. In fact, he helped facilitate what is arguably the greatest genocide in known human history.</div>
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The world might have never known about what really took place here, had it not been for the investigative journalism of a priest named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, who in the beginning supported Christopher Columbus until he became aware of the atrocities being committed. He wrote <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~daviss/work/files/presentations/casshort/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies</a>, </em>which documented some of the most disturbing crimes against humanity in history.</div>
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In his writing, de las Casas documents how the invading colonizers brutally murdered babies, burnt innocent civilians alive, cut off the hands of workers who did not meet their quota for mining precious resources, and tortured, raped, and trafficked women, amongst other things that invariably document an indefensible genocide which has gotten far too little attention in the history books.</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">One of many statues around the world glorifying Christopher Columbus</em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Image credit: <a class="pop-img-bd" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(est%C3%A1tua)#/media/File:Christopher_Columbus_Statue.jpg" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Kenneth C. Zirkel/Wikimedia Commons</a></em></div>
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Although most people would argue that the Native population were savages, and backwards, Christopher Columbus’ journal clearly refutes these claims, where he <a href="https://archive.org/stream/christophercolu02thacgoog#page/n35" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">himself noted</a> how remarkably kind and giving they were, how they shared everything they had, and how they had no weapons and were timid.</div>
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Amongst his own documentation of his crimes against the native population, he also documents — <a href="https://archive.org/stream/christophercolu02thacgoog#page/n451/mode/2up" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">in his own writing</a> — that they took child sex slaves for themselves, <a href="https://archive.org/stream/christophercolu02thacgoog#page/n451/mode/2up" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">noting</a> that <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“those from 9 to 10 are now in demand.”</em></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Never About Spreading Religion, It Was Always About Profit And Greed</strong></h3>
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Although the common person would blame religion — as if it has a mind of its own — for these grave crimes against humanity, they were actually originally inspired by profit and greed. Historically, this has almost always been the case, with public justification being that the authorities are <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">spreading Christianit</em>y, or the more modern propaganda of <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">spreading democracy</em>.</div>
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You see, Columbus was sponsored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">the crown of Castile</a>, in hopes of finding a land rich in natural resources and minerals. And when he returned with news that supported their hopes, including slave labor to be exploited, and a people that could easily be conquered, they proceeded forward with their plan.</div>
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Through inner circle politics, the Spanish elitists then contacted Pope Alexander VI (from the rich and reputedly corrupt <a href="https://hubpages.com/politics/The-Borgias-A-Corrupt-Papal-Familiy" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Borgio family</a>) and had him give a <a href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=10591" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">public declaration</a> “in the name of God” that stated they had rights to take their land there, and justify an invasion and enslavement of the locals (through the use of politically persuasive language of course) by making it seem like they were on a mission to help create a better world and fight evil.</div>
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In fact, Columbus <a href="https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111columbus.html" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9b59b6; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">documented in his own journal</a> that, “<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">should I meet with gold or spices in great quantity, I shall remain till I collect as much as possible, and for this purpose I am proceeding solely in quest of them.” </em>In short, it was never truly about spreading religion, that was more of a cover story, it was always about profit and greed.</div>
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This might seem foolish and naive for people to believe by today’s standards, but the same thing still goes on to this very day, except the Pope has been largely replaced by the TV and mass media. In other words, the public gets deceived into supporting these crimes through the use of clever propaganda by the ruling class and their cronies, on the grounds of believing it to be a humanitarian campaign. But it’s not about religion, it’s about a cancerous so called elite exploiting the vulnerabilities of human nature.</div>
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This is an important distinction to make — that a small minority are the true root cause of the problem — because far too often in relation to history, those who are not well researched will blame the crimes of the very few on the many (an entire skin color, religion, country, political party, etc.) without considering the proper context of what really took place. Furthermore, those who have been indoctrinated to associate their sense of self with their flag, skin color, religion, or other social construct, will often fall into the trap of becoming defensive of these crimes, feeling themselves to be under attack. This essentially amounts to clever politics and psychological warfare on part of the high level ruling class, because what this invariably does is create division amongst the very people that need to unite in order to intelligently deal with the true root cause of the problem.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Change Is Taking Place But Not The Most Important Changes</strong></h3>
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The good news is, more and more people have become aware that Christopher Columbus was no hero, but a criminal of the highest order, and have actually helped change the traditional holiday of <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Columbus Day</em>, to <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indigenous People’s Day</em>.</div>
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Although this is undoubtedly a victory, the overwhelming majority still remain largely unaware of how the ruling class continue to exploit the vulnerabilities of human nature. They do this by manipulating our perception of who our real enemy is, in an effort to justify their selfish insatiable greed of invading foreign lands, and exploiting both domestic and foreign people across the globe, amongst other things.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Documentary</strong></h3>
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Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-22740598296226072852018-11-23T11:37:00.000-08:002018-11-23T11:37:16.537-08:00British forgery of Indian history<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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British forgery in Indian history was multifaceted and well declared, but is still considered authentic by Indians who refuse to leave mental slavery. There was a lot of false propaganda about history and its science, in which stories of Aśoka, Kalinga and Buddhism are most important. Main <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">FALSEHOODS</span> are-</div>
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(1) Indians did not write history<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>-Actually, whatever history is written is totally from Indian literature though its major part was destroyed in 1000 years foreign rule.</div>
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(2) Indians did not give dates – Actually, Indians only have given dates. Date can be given only with reference to a calendar system. Even the time of Alexander’s attack had to be ascertained from Persian records, as Greece did not have any calendar at that time. Megasthenes has written that the first Greek attack was by Dionysus, 6451 years 3 months before Alexander in 154 generations of Indian kings. This count of generations or running calendar did not exist in any other country and this was based solely on Indian records.</div>
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(3) All Greek historians – Herodotus, Megasthenes, Solinu, Arrian, Pliny, Curtius have written that (a) India is only country where all persons are indigenous, (b) India had not attacked any country since last 15000 years as it was self sufficient in food. After Maxmuller copied 15000 years and reduced it 10 times to make 1500 BC as start of Indian Vedic civilization, this number was omitted from later editions. (c) There was continuous govt at least since 6777 BC when first Greek attack had occurred. (d) Reference to India meant that Greek attack was solely for looting, but it was shown to have given knowledge of science to India.</div>
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(4) All research was centered to destroy Indian records and praise in even western records to show that Britishers were just other foreigners like Indians themselves and had come for civilizing this country-not for looting. For that, excavation was made only in Indus valley and without bothering to know the meaning, arbitrary conclusions of date, migration of Aryans were made. Till today, westerns and even nationalists are obsessed with Indus civilization. Nationalism has changed the word to Sarasvatī-but we have stopped looking at our own language and records.</div>
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(5) There is no inscription seen anywhere in world which has given sequence and chronology of kings. Actually, no king can say that he died at such time and after him such and such became kings. These are found systematically in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāṇas</span> only. After copying succession of kings from that, names of major kings who started calendars have been dropped and such kings have been made great who are nowhere mentioned in any literature or do not have any effect now. All Sanskrit students/teachers read works of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kālidāsa</span>under <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vikramāditya</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Samvat</span> in 57 BC) of Ujjain, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śūdraka</span> (Śaka in 756 BC) and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrīharṣa</span>(<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śaka</span> in 456 BC) -but after lifelong reading, tell that there is no record about these kings as their calendars are still in use.</div>
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(6) There is only one chapter on <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya Aśoka</span> in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Divyāvadāna</span>, not a single line about any so-called great Gupta kings-but these are considered great. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Samvat</span> of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vikramāditya</span> is still standard for deciding all festivals of India-not the so called <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rāṣṭrīya-śaka-samvat</span> started as copy of Roman calendar and there is10000 pages of literature on him-but that is not reference, as it can indicate correct time.</div>
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(7) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dhauli</span> inscription of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span> is only about welfare and administration-it does not mention <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga </span>war or anything about Buddha. But there were 10 million murders in North India as retaliation of 1857 revolt and further 3.5 million starvation murders in Orissa by Ravenshaw in 1865 when there was surplus production of rice. So, Vincent Smith created false story in 1893 (Ashok the Great) that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hindus</span> also were blood-thirsty and had killed /injured 10.5 lakhs in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span>war. Ashamed of being murderous <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hindu, Aśoka</span> was converted to Buddhism. Romila Thapar (Asoka and the Decline of the Maurya) went a step ahead and described about downfall of India due to pacifist policy of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span>. All these are totally false, baseless and unimaginable.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Time of Aśoka</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It was not something unknown and is written accurately in all </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāṇas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Actually, there is no calendar in Europe prior to Julian calendar which can record his date. Carbon dating can indicate the date of any object with at least an error of 300 years for that period and even then a written record is needed to know that it was of time of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">or Gupta period. All Indian calendar calculations start with Kali era beginning from 17-2-3102 BC, Wednesday, Ujjain midnight and even rough calculation by </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vākyakaraṇa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (charts memorized by sentences) has error of less than 15 minutes. Any calculation by calendar software of NASA will have error of up to 68 hours for 3100 BC. After 10 models of correction, error can be reduced to about 25 hours.</span></div>
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There are 2 <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśokas</span> – one a <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span> king of Magadha and another a <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gonanda</span> king of Kashmir about same time. All <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāṇas</span> give list of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga</span> kings of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Magadha</span>, e.g. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhāgavata</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāṇa, skandha</span> 11). They are-</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bārhadratha vamśa</span></span>-Started with <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Somāpi</span>, son of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sahadeva</span> killed in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahābhārata</span> war.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
(1) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Somāpi </span>(<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mārjāri</span>)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrutaśravā</span> (3080-3016 BC), (3) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apratīpa</span>(3016-2980 BC), (4) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Niramitra </span>(2980-2940 BC), (5) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sukŗta</span> (2940-2882 BC), (6) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bŗhatkarman</span> (2882-2859 BC), (7) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Senajita</span>(2859-2809 BC), (8) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrutañjaya</span> (2809-2769 BC), (9) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahābala </span>(2769-2734 BC), (10) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śuchi </span>(2734-2676 BC), (11) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kśema</span> (2676-2648 BC), (12) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aņuvrata </span>(2648-2584 BC), (13), <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dharmanetra</span> (2584-2549 BC), (14) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nirvŗtti</span>(2549-2491 BC), (15) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suvrata</span> (2491-2453 BC), (16) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dŗɖhasena</span> (2453-2395 BC), (17) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumati</span> (2395-2362 BC), (18)<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Suchala</span> (2362-2340BC), (19) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sunetra</span> (2340-2300 BC), (20) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Satyajita</span> (2300-2217 BC), (21) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vīrajita</span> (2217-2182 BC), (22) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ripuñjaya</span> (2182-2132 BC) Total-22 kings for 1006 years (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brahmāņɖa purāņa</span> 2/3/74/121, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņu</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāņa</span> 4/23/12 etc).</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Pradyota vamśa</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-Last </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bārhadratha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> king was </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ripuñjaya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> killed by his minister </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śunaka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(or </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pulaka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) and made his son-in-law </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pradyota</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, as king (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brahmāņɖa purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2/3/74/122, </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Skanda purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 12/2 etc). (1) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pradyota</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2132-2109 BC), (2) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pālaka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2109-2085 BC), (3) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Viśākhayūpa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2085-2035 BC), (4) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Janaka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2035-2014 BC), (5) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nandivardhana</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years.</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Śiśunāga vamśa</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">– (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2/2, </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhāgavata purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 12/2/8 etc.)-(1)</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śiśunāga</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1994-1954 BC), (2) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kākavarņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">or </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śakavarņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1954-1918 BC), (3) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kśemadhanvā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1918-1892 BC), (4) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kśatrauja</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1892-1852 BC), (5) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vidhisāra</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bimbisāra</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) or </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śreņika</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1852-1814 BC), (6) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ajātaśatru</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1814-1787 BC), (7) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Darśaka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1787-1752 BC), (8) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Udāyi</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1752-1719 BC), (9) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nandivardhana</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1719-1677 BC), (10) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahānandi</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1677-1634 BC). In this period </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Siddhārtha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, son of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śuddhodana </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">became </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, who was incarnation of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">māyā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">moha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, not of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņu</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņu purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 4/23 etc). He was 5 years younger to </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bimbisāra</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and died in 8th year of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ajātaśatru</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">’s rule in 1806 BC. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Udāyi</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> in 4 year of his rule established </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pāţaliputra</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> on confluence of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Son</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gangā </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vāyu</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">119/318).</span></div>
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Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Nanda vamśa</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">– </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahā-Padma-Nanda</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> was the son of last </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śiśunāga</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> king </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahānandi</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> by his</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> śūdrā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately 1534 years after birth of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Parīkśita</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> in 3138 BC) stated in all </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāņas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> as a landmark of history. He won most of India by exterminating all </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kśatriya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> kings like second </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Paraśurāma</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņu purāņa </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4/24/104, </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhāgavata purāņa </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years followed by 8 sons for 12 years (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years from 1634 to 1534 BC.</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Maurya</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vamśa</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kauţilya Chāņakya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">destroyed and made </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> as king. His family belonged to </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Murā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> town (in </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sambalpur</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> of Orissa, now submerged in </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hirakud</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> reservoir) which was center of iron ore called </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mura</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">murrum</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">). So the family was called </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. 12 </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> kings ruled for a total of 316 years (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3/2, </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 270/32, </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vāyu</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">purāņa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">etc.)- (1)</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Chandragupta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1534-1500 BC), (2) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bindusāra </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1500-1472 BC), (3) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1472-1436 BC), (4) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Supārśva</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suyaśa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, or </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kuņāla</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)- (1436-1428 BC), (5) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Daśaratha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bandhupālita</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)-(1428-1420 BC), (6) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indrapālita</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1420-1350 BC), (7) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Harşavardhana</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1350-1342 BC), (8) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sangata</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(1342-1333 BC), (9) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śāliśūka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1333-1320 BC), (10) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Soma</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Deva-) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">śarmā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1320-1313 BC), (11) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śatadhanvā</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1313-1305), (12) </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bŗhadratha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bŗhadaśva</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">)-(1305-1218 BC).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śunga-Vamśa</span></span>-10 <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śunga</span> kings ruled for 300 years (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta, Matsya,</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vāyu purāņa</span>).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
(1) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Puśyamitra </span>(1218-1158 BC), (2) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agnimitra</span>(1158-1108 BC), (3<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) Vasumitra</span> (1108-1072 BC), (4) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sujyeşţha</span> (1072-1055 BC), (5<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) Bhadraka</span> (1055-1025 BC), (6)<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pulindaka</span>(1025-992 BC), (7) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghoşavasu</span> (992-989 BC), (8) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vajramitra</span> (989-960 BC), (9) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhāgavata</span>(960-928 BC), (10) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Devabhūti</span> (928-918 BC).</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Kaņva</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vamśa</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-4 </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaņva</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> kings ruled for 85 years ((</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņu purāņa </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4/24/39-42 etc).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
(1) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vāsudeva </span>(918-879 BC), (2) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhūmimitra</span>(879-855 BC), (3) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nārāyaņa</span> (855-843 BC), (4) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suśarmā</span> (843-833 BC).</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āndhra</span>–<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vamśa</span></span>-33<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Āndhra</span> kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saptarşi</span>-cycle of 2700 years started in time of king<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yudhişţhira </span>(<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saptarşi</span> in<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Maghā</span> from 3176 BC)-(<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya purāņa</span> chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Rāja Vŗttānta</span>, list in other<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> purāņas </span>miss some names.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
(1) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śimukha</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sindhuka</span> or <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumukha</span>)-(833-810 BC), (2) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrīkŗşņa Śātakarņī</span> (810-792 BC), (3) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrīmalla Śātakarņī</span> (792-782 BC), (4) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pūrņotsanga</span> (782-764 BC)-In his time <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span> king <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Khārāvela</span> became independent from <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Magadha</span> which was suffering under attack from west Asia. He repaired<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Prāchī</span>canal in 5th year of his rule (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Prāchī</span> inscription) which was 803 (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tri-vasu-śata</span> ) years after coronation of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nanda</span> (1634 BC), thus his rule started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) Śrī <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śātakarņī</span> (764-708 BC), (6) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Skandha-stambin</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrīvasvanī</span>)-(708-690 BC), (7) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lambodara</span> (690-672 BC), (8) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āpilaka</span>(672-660 BC), (9) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Megha-Svāti</span> (660-642 BC), (10) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śāta-Svāti</span> (642-624 BC), (11) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Skanda-Svāti</span> (624-617 BC), (12) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mŗgendra-Svāti-Karņa</span> (617-614 BC), (13) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kuntala </span>(614-606 BC), (14) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saumya</span> (606-594 BC), (15) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śata-Svāti-Karņa</span> (594-593 BC), (16) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pulomāvi</span>-1 (593-557 BC), (17) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Megha</span> (557-519 BC), (18) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arişţa</span> (519-494 BC), (19) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hāla </span>(494-489 BC)-author of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gāthā-sapta-śatī</span>, contemporary of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śankarāchārya</span>. (20)<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Maņɖalaka</span> (489-484 BC), (21) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Purandara-Sena</span> (484-463 BC)-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saptarşi</span>-cycle completed in 476 BC in his period. (22) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sundara- Śātakarņī</span> (463-462 BC), (23) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chakra-Vāsişţhī-Putra</span> and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahendra</span> (462-461 BC), (24) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śiva</span>-1 (461-433 BC),(25) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gautamī-Putra</span>–<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śātakarņī</span> (433-408 BC), (26) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pulomāvi</span>-2 (408-376 BC), (27) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śiva</span>-2 (376-369 BC), (28) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śivakoņɖā </span> ( 369-362 BC), (29) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yajñaśrī</span> (362-343 BC), (30) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijayaśrī</span> (343-337 BC), (31)<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Chandraśrī</span> (337-334 BC), (32) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pulomāvi</span>-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandraśrī</span> whose queen had links with commander <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>who killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake king. His father <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghaţotkacha-Gupta</span> was commander to 2 kings-(30) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijayaśrī </span>and (31) <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandraśrī</span>. Finally, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span> killed the son also and became the king himself.</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">9. Gupta-Vamśa-</span></span>They have been called <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āndhra-bhŗtya </span>also, as they were serving as commander under them (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya purāņa</span>273/17). Their place is called <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrī-Parvata</span>which should be <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrī-śailam</span> of Andhra Pradesh as the kings were from that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians have mentioned last kings of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āndhra </span>and first 2 kings of<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Gupta </span>clan as well as strength of army of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āndhra</span> kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes are-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghaţotkacha</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghaţa</span> = head, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Utkacha</span> = remover of hairs) – barber,</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandraśrī</span>. (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandra-Bīja</span>)—Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Āndhra</span> king</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>-1-Sandrocottus, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Samudragupta</span>-Sandrocryptus,</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>-2 was famous as conqueror or <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Amitrocchedas</span> (= wiping out enemies)-Amitrochades.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gupta</span> kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span> period-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>-1-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijayāditya. Samudragupta</span>–<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśokāditya, Chandragupta</span>-2-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vikramāditya</span>. This was only a title. Famous <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Paramāra</span> king of Ujjain of this name was later on.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śrīgupta</span> was father of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghaţotkacha </span>or himself named as such due to bald head. His son <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>-1 (327-320 BC) became first independent king. His first son <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kacha</span>(320 BC) was removed shortly due to his cowardice and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Samudragupta</span> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśokāditya </span>(320-269 BC) took over. His elder son <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rāmagupta</span> offered his wfe to<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Śaka</span> invader, so his wife married younger brother <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta</span>-2 (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vikramāditya</span>) who killed invader and ruled in (269-233 BC). His son<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kumāragupta</span>-1 (233-191 BC) and then <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Skandagupta</span> (191-175 BC) ruled. He died Issueless. His brother <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">P</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">uragupta</span> ruled as guardian of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Budhagupta</span> followed by<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vainyagupta</span> (175-174 BC), <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kumāragupta</span>-2 (174-172 BC), <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Budhagupta</span> (172-166 BC) of same generation. Then <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Narasimhagupta</span>(<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bālāditya</span>-1)- (166-126 BC) maintained some prestige and it declined with <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kumāragupta</span>-3 (126-85 BC), ending with<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vişņugupta</span> (85-82 BC).</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">False quoting of Greeks</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Megasthenes</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> had come at start of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gupta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">period which was known to Vincent Smith (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Early History of India</span>, page 206) and </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R.C. Mazumdar</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ancient India</span>, page 138) also who have quoted him to give strength of army of Andhra kings. This is possible only when he had come in period of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gupta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> who were </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Andhra-bhritya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (i.e. servants of Andhra kings at capital Patna). In Period of </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ashoka,</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> his 13</span><sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> pillar inscription is clear that Andhra was a subordinate state. In all web-sites of Andhra Pradesh, it is quoted for glory of Andhra, but for general history, they all revert back to </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Megasthenes</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> in </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> period. Sri </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mazumdar</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> omitted this reference in his later 3 volume book in collaboration with </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">K.K. Dutta</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">H.C. Raychaudhuri</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. For this obedience to Oxford by telling falsehood, he was made general editor of 12 volume history by </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Some links-</span></div>
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(1) www.bihar.cc/index.php?article=an-article-on-patna –9k- <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sri R,C. Mazumdar</span> in his ancient India (page 138) has written that Pliny has quoted Megasthenese for giving strength of Army of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Andhra</span> kings. …</div>
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(2) <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=%208XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=Army+of+Andhra+kings&source=bl&ots=Pfb41J7bZf&sig=qOKZj44EAj12UEqO10q6tzwhuzQ&hl=en&ei=tBTrSf%204L06APb3uDEAw&sa=%C2%A0%20X&oi=%20book_result&ct=result&resnum=5" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The early history of India By Vincent A. Smith Page 206</span></a></div>
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(3) <a href="http://www.vepachedu.org/Andhra-Telangana.html" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vepachedu.org</span></a></div>
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(4) <a href="http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html-" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">aponline.gov.in-history</span></a></div>
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Megasthenese, who visited the Court of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta Maurya</span> (B.C.322–297), mentioned that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Andhra</span> country had 30 fortified towns and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ashoka</span> referred in his 13th rock edict that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Andhras </span>were his subordinates.</div>
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(5) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh</a>.</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Extracts from Megasthenes</span>: Quotes from Indika is from <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/ForeignViews/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this website</a>.</span></div>
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(37.) India,… Owing to this, their country has never been conquered by any foreign king: (38.) It is said that India, being of enormous size when taken as a whole, is peopled by races both numerous and diverse, of which not even one was originally of foreign descent, but all were evidently indigenous; and moreover that India neither received a colony from abroad, nor sent out a colony to any other nation.</div>
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(39.) Herakles also was born among them…. He was the founder, also, of no small number of cities, the most renowned and greatest of which he called Palibothra.</div>
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FRAGM. LVI. Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8-23. 11. List of the Indian Races.</div>
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(22.) …The river Jomanes flows through the Palibothri into the Ganges between the towns Methora and Carisobora</div>
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BOOK IV. FRAGM. XLVI. Strab. XV. I 6-8,–pp. 686-688.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But what just reliance …….Its people, he says, never sent an expedition abroad, nor was their country ever invaded and conquered except by Herakles and Dionysos in old times, and by the Makedonians in our own…. Herakles among the Greeks, carried his arms to the Pillars</li>
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FRAGM. L. C. Plin. Hist. Nat.VI. xxi. 4-5. Of the Ancient History of the Indians.</div>
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For the Indians stand almost alone among the nations in never having migrated from their own country. From the days of Father Bacchus to Alexander the Great, their kings are reckoned at 154, whose reigns extend over 6451 years and 3 months.</div>
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Solin. 52. 5.– Father Bacchus was the first who invaded India, and was the first of all who triumphed over the vanquished Indians. From him to Alexander the Great 6451 years are reckoned with 3 months additional, the calculation being made by counting the, kings who reigned in the intermediate period, to the number of 153.</div>
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<a href="http://ia311205.us.archive.org/2/items/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrian/HTML/0000%20-%200044.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Archive on Megasthenes and Arrian.</span></a></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Same as (38) above.</li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ancient India as described by Arrian</span></div>
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[Excerpted from Arrian, “<a href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Indica.html" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Indica</span></a>” in Anabasis of Alexander, together with the Indica, E. J. Chinnock, tr. (London: Bohn, 1893), ch. 1-16]</div>
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From Dionysus to Sandracottus the Indians reckoned 153 kings, and 6,042 years. During all these years they only twice asserted their freedom; the first time they enjoyed it for 300 years, and the second for 120. They say that Dionysus was earlier than Heracles by fifteen generations, and that no other ever invaded India for war, not even Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, though he marched against the Scythians, and in other matters was the most meddlesome of the kings of Asia. However they admit that Alexander came and overcame in battle all the nations whom he visited, and that he would have conquered them all if his army had been willing. But none of the Indians ever marched out of their own country for war, being actuated by a respect for justice.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga War and Buddha</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There was another</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Aśoka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> in </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gonanda-vamśa</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had become </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bauddha</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> due to which </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bauddhas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">from central Asia destroyed the kingdom. After that his son</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Jalauka</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1400-1344BC) chased away </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bauddhas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and re-established </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chāturvarṇya</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Vedic path). The place where </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bauddhas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and their west Asian associates were routed was called </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ujjhaṭaḍīmba</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (= uprooting the seed).</span></div>
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(राजतरङ्गिणी, तरङ्ग १)-</div>
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प्रपौत्रः शकुनेस्तस्य भूपतेः प्रपितृव्यजः। अथावहदशोकाख्यः सत्यसन्धो वसुन्धराम्॥१०१॥</div>
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यः शान्तवृजिनो राजा प्रपन्नो जिनशासनम्। शुष्कलेत्र वितस्तात्रौ तस्तारस्तूपमण्डलैः॥१०२॥</div>
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म्लेच्छैः संछादिते देशे स तदुच्छितये नृपः।१०७। सोऽथभूभृज्जलौकोऽभूद् भूलोकसुरनायकः।१०८।</div>
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स रुद्ध वसुधान् म्लेच्छान् निर्वास्याखर्व विक्रमः।११५।</div>
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ते यत्रोज्झटितास्तेन म्लेच्छाश्छादित मण्डलाः। स्थानमुज्झटडिम्बं तज्ज्नैरद्यापि गद्यते।११६।</div>
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जित्वोर्वीं कान्यकुब्जाद्यां तत्त्रत्यं स न्यवेशयत्। चातुर्वर्ण्यं निजे देशे धर्म्यांश्च व्यवहारिणः।११७॥</div>
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Many of the inscriptions in name of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span>are by him. No inscription including one at <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dhauli</span> mentions that he had become Buddhist.</div>
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Inscription at <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalsi</span> near <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dehradun</span> gives names of 4 kings who were won by<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span>–<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tulamaya, Antikina, Maka, Allikasudala</span>. One of them must be the king of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span>, won in 8th year of his rule. That is <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alekha-sundara</span> of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga. Alakha</span> name is all over India, but <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alekha</span> is only in Orissa because <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lokapāla</span> of east was <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indra</span> who was called <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lekharṣabha</span> for starting <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Deva-nāgarī</span>script (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mārkaṇḍeya purāṇa </span>chapter 103<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, Taittirīya samhitā</span> 6/4/7, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maitrāyaṇī samhitā</span>, 4/5/8). He cannot be equated with any king of Alexandria, as it was never a part of India or under<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Aśoka</span>. The town itself did not exist in 1450 BC.</div>
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Only mention of<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Aśoka</span> is in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bauddha</span> text <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Divyāvadāna</span> (chapter <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśokāvadāna</span>) that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka</span> was a good <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bauddha</span> because he had killed 12,000 <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaina </span>monks on victory over <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span>. This is too high a figure for a normal war. There is no basis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000 injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span> and more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with 20,000 horses, which was afraid of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Magadha</span> army of 600,000. Only possibility may be that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jainas</span> might be powerful in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalinga</span> administration which was lost after war. This falsehood was created by Vincent Smith in 1893 to counter 35 lakh murders by Ravenshaw who has become father figure of Oriya nationalism in tradition of British slavery. Another fallacy is spread that <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Magadha</span> empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-violence by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśoka.</span> Actually, non-violence is feature of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yoga-sūtra</span> and more stressed in Jainism. Rather, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bauddha</span> themselves including <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Siddhārtha Buddha</span> himself were strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhikśus</span>. It is surprising as to how <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddha</span> was moved by sacrifice of animals in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yajña</span>, which is for food, not for God. He expelled <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Devadatta </span>for recommending vegetarian food for <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhikśus</span>(extract from link below). Due to excess meat eating, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Siddhārtha Buddha</span> was operated by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jīvaka</span> who strongly prohibited further meat eating. But he took it when a disciple offered it at <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sarnath</span> and he expired (<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddha-Charita</span> of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aśvaghoṣa</span>).</div>
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<a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/2_5lbud.htm" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Source link</span>.</a></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Devadatta</span> requested the <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddha</span> to make it compulsory for monks to follow five extra rules:</div>
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(i) Dwell all their lives in the forest</div>
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(ii) Live only on alms obtained by begging</div>
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(iii) Wear robes made from rags collected from the dust heaps and cemeteries</div>
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(iv) Live at the foot of trees</div>
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(v) Refrain from eating fish or meat throughout their lives.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span> kings were never against <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brāhmaņas</span>, minister of Last king <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Puśyamitra</span> was himself a <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brāhmaņa </span>who killed king and became king himself.</div>
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The years of each king has been reduced suitably by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pargiter </span>to match his reduced chronology. E.g. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya </span>from 316 years to 137 years and number of kings reduced from 12 to 9 (verse 149) He did not understand or cared for <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saptarṣi</span> era and missed the total number of years given later- Verse 227 tells 1500 (1504) years from <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Parīkśita</span> to <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahāpadmananda</span>. This number has been reduced to 1050 which is obviously false as <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bārhadratha vamśa</span> itself ruled for 1000 (1006) years followed by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pradyotas</span> for 138 and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Śiśunāga</span> for 360 before <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nanda</span> as given in details. It also indicates that a cycle of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saptarṣi</span> years of 2700 years was completed from<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Parīkśita</span> to end last part of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Āndhra</span>kings (3042 BC-2700 = 342 BC) after which <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gupta</span> rule started in 327 BC. Pargiter and William Jones missed <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Rāja</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vṛttānta</span>-a subsidiary of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhavishya purāṇa</span>. That has given complete chronology.</div>
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Similar manipulation was done in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya purāṇa</span> whose original version tallies with that. Original copies available with <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Narayana Sastry</span> were destroyed later on.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T.S. Narayana Sastry</span> writes:- “Fortunately in my library (T.S.Narayana Sastry’s Library), I possess a manuscript copy of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya Purana</span>in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Grantha</span> Character, which gives a complete list of the <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span> kings with years of individual reigns and I give the same below:-</div>
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चतुस्त्रिंशत् समा राजा चन्द्रगुप्तो भविष्यति। अष्टाविंशति वर्षाणि भद्रसारस्तु तत् सुतः।२४।</div>
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षट् त्रिंशत्तु महाराजो भविताऽशोक एव च। तस्य पुनः कुनालस्तु वर्षाण्यष्टौ भविष्यति।२५।</div>
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कुनालसूनुरष्टौ च भोक्ता दशरथस्ततः। सप्तानां दशवर्षाणि तत्सुतश्चेन्द्रपालितः।२६।</div>
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भविता चाऽष्टवर्षाणि तत्सुतो हर्षवर्धनः। भविता नववर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रस्तु सम्मतः।२७।</div>
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त्रयोदश हि वर्षाणि शालिशूको भविष्यति। भविता सप्तवर्षाणि सोमशर्मा नराधिपः।२८।</div>
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भविता शतधन्वा तु नववर्षाणि तत्सुतः। बृहद्रथस्तु वर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रोऽथ सप्ततिः।२९।</div>
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इत्येते दश च द्वे च ये भोक्ष्यन्ति वसुन्धराम्। शतानि त्रीणि वर्षाणि तेभ्यः शुङ्गान् गमिष्यति।३०।</div>
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This version of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matsya purāṇa</span> tolerably agrees with that given in the manuscript copy of the <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaliyuga Raja Vrittanta</span>, in my library which also I add below for easy reference-</div>
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चन्द्रगुप्तस्ततो मौर्यश्चाणक्येनाऽभिरक्षितः। चतुस्त्रिंशत् समा राज्यं करिष्यति सुधार्मिकः॥</div>
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अष्टाविंशति सहस्राणि विन्दुसारो भविष्यति। षट् त्रिंशस्तु ततो राजा भविताऽशोकवर्धनः॥</div>
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सुपार्श्व स्तत्सुतश्चाऽथ वर्षाण्यष्टौ भविष्यति। अष्टौ वर्षाणि तत्पुत्रो भोक्ता वै बन्धुपालितः।।</div>
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बन्धुपालितदायादो सप्ततिं चेन्द्रपालितः। भविता नववर्षाणि तस्य पुत्रस्तु संगतः॥</div>
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त्रयोदश समा राज्यं शालिशूकः करिष्यति। भविता सप्तवर्षाणि देवधर्मा नरर्षभः॥</div>
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ततः शतधनू राजा भविताऽष्टौ समा भुवि। बॄहद्रथस्तु तत्पुत्रो जरासन्ध इवाऽपरः॥</div>
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क्षत्रियानखिलान् जित्वा महाराजो भविष्यति। अष्टाशीतिं तु वर्षाणि स राष्ट्रं पालयिष्यति॥</div>
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द्वादशैते नृपा मौर्या श्चन्द्रगुप्तादयो महीं। शतानि त्रीणि भोक्ष्यन्ति दशषट् च समा कलौ॥ (भाग ३, अध्याय २)</div>
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Vide “Age of Sankara”, part IB, Appendix I, page 56ff)</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Origin of Mauryas</span></div>
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Maurya is derived from word Mura which means iron ore powder-it is called murrum or red-brown soil put on earthen roads. There were 2 famous regions of-Mura. One was Morocco, land of Moors. King of that are was killed by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kṛṣṇa</span>, so he was called Murāri. His town had 100 <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yojana</span> (about 800 kms) iron fencing, so he was called Mura as in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Viṣṇu purāṇa</span> (5/29/16-17). विष्णु पुराण (५/२९)-</div>
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प्राग्ज्योतिषपुरस्यापि समन्ताच्छतजोजनम्। आचिता मौरवैः पाशैः क्षुरान्तैर्भूर्द्विजोत्तम॥१६॥</div>
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तांश्चिच्छेद ह्रिः पाशान्क्षिप्त्वा चक्रं सुदर्शन। ततो मुरस्समुत्तस्थौ तं जघान च केशवः॥१७॥</div>
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Same is in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bhāgavata purāṇa</span> (10/59/3-5) etc. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Durgā-saptaśatī</span> (8/6) calls them <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya</span>.</div>
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Centre of iron ore region from Korba to Tatanagar was called Murā town. It was on bank of Mahanadi and was also called Mura-sīma-pattana (being a river port). This was regional capital of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pāṇḍu-vamśī</span> kings ruling from Suvarṇapur (Sonepur) in west Odisha. This town submerged in Hirakud reservoir in 1956 after a dam was built. Other 2 regions under them were Kalinga with capital at <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Koṇa-gaḍha</span> and Utkal with capital at <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijaya-kaṭaka</span> (present Cuttack). Labourers of iron mines were called Muṇḍā which is tribal title. Local branch of Atharva-veda here was called <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Muṇḍaka</span> whose upaniṣad survives. Brāhmaṇas of that branch have Muṇḍa title. At least 50 grants by Mauryas are published in Orissa Inscriptions in 5 volumes by Odisha museum. Most are with dates in an era starting with <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijaya</span> Samvasara of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Janamejaya. Digvijaya-śāsana</span> of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Janamejaya</span>gives date by al, 5 methods of Indian calendar and is of 27-11-3014 BC when a solar eclipse had occurred. The same format of grants was adopted by <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pāṇḍu-vamśī</span> kings who have used <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Vijaya samvatsara</span> starting from 3013 BC. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Digvijaya-śāsana</span> and 4 grants of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Janamejaya</span> were published in Mysore Antiquary in January 1900 with accurate dates, but by British manipulation, date of 27-11-3014 BC was changed to 1526 AD-an error of 4540 years. In Odisha history, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pāṇḍu-vamśī</span> kings have been described in period of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Harṣavardhan</span> (605-647 AD) when he himself was king of Odisha also and had performed <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ratha-yātrā</span> in 635 and 642 AD described by Huensang. In same period 3 more kingdoms have been stated-<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ganga</span> or <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Choḍa-Ganga</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Māṭhar</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sarabhapuriyā</span>.</div>
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All grants by Janamejaya and his descendants use the following verses-</div>
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आदित्यचन्द्रावनिलोऽनलश्च द्यौर्भूमिरापो हृदयं यमश्च ।</div>
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अहश्च रात्रिश्च उभे च सन्ध्ये धर्मश्च जानाति नरस्य वृत्तं ॥२॥</div>
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दानपालनयोर्मध्ये दानाच्छ्रेयोऽनुपालनं । दानात्स्वर्गमवाप्नोति पालनाद्विगुणंफलं ॥</div>
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स्वदत्ताद् द्विगुणं पुण्यं परदत्तानुपालने । परदत्तापहारेण स्वदत्तं निष्फलं भवेत् ॥</div>
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मद्दत्ता पुत्रिका ज्ञेया पितृदत्ता सहोदरी । अन्यदत्ता तु जननी दत्तभूमिं परित्यजेत् ॥</div>
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अन्यैस्तु छर्दितं छद्वे श्वभिश्च छर्दितं न तु । ततः कष्टो ततो नीचः स्वदत्तापहारकः ॥</div>
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स्वदत्तां परदत्तां वा ब्रह्मवृत्तिं हरेत यः । षष्टिवर्षसहस्राणि विष्टायां जायते कृमिः ॥</div>
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There are 10 witnesses to grant-sun, moon, fire, wind, sky, earth, water, heart, Yama, day, night, both Sandhyā (morning, evening), Dharma. Honouring grant is more important than giving it. One who usurps grant is born as insect in excreta.</div>
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Kedarnath grant of Janamejaya still survives given on occasion of solar eclipse at Puri on 27-11-3014 BC as repentance of mass killing in Naga-kingdom (remains are Harappa = heap of bones, Moin-jo-Daro = place of dead). This was published in January 1900 in Mysore Antiquary.</div>
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Salient lines are- स्वस्तिश्री जयाभ्युदये युधिष्ठिरशके प्लवङ्गाख्ये एकोननवतितम (८९) वत्सरे सहसिमासि अमावास्यायां सोमवासरे श्रीमन्महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वर वैयाघ्रपादगोत्रज श्रीजनमेजयभूपो इन्द्रप्रस्थ नगरीसिंहासनस्थः सकलवर्णाश्रमधर्मप्रतिपालको उत्तरहिमालये श्रीकेदारक्षेत्रं तत्रत्य मुनयः उषामठस्य श्रीगोस्वामि आनन्दलिंग जंगमाय श्रीमच्छिष्यज्ञानलिंगजंगमद्वाराराधित श्रीकेदारनाथस्य पूजार्थं दत्तवन्तः चतुःसीमा परिमिति क्रमः॥ पूर्वभागे दक्षिणवाहिनी मन्दाकिनी । पश्चिम दक्षिणभागे क्षीरगङ्गा उत्तर पश्चिमे मधुगङ्गा, पूर्वोत्तरभागे स्वर्गद्वारनदी, दक्षिणे सरस्वती, मन्दाकिन्योः संगमः, एतन्मध्ये श्रीकेदारक्षेत्रं भवच्छिष्यपरम्परया चन्द्रार्कपर्यन्तं निधि निक्षेप जल पाषाणा गामि सिद्ध साध्य तेजः स्वाम्य सहितं स्वबुद्ध्याऽनुकूल्येनाऽ स्मन्मातृपितृणां शिवलोक प्राप्त्यर्थं श्रीकेदार सन्निधौ उपराग समये सहिरण्य मन्दाकिनी जलधारा पूर्वकं क्षेत्रमिदं हस्ते दत्तवानस्मि ।</div>
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Digvijaya (victory) śāsana gives place names of Odisha, Kaṭaka, kacchhapuṭ (Koraput?), Racchapuṭ, Kongaḍa. It calls king of Utkala as Aśvapati, Kalinga king as Gajapati. Gajapati title still survives. Janamejaya has called his Gotra as Vyāghrapada whose descendants are called Baghel now in Odisha.</div>
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स्वस्ति समस्त भुवनाश्रय श्रीपृथ्वीधरवल्लभ महाराजाधिराज राजपरमेश्वर परमभट्टारक हस्तिनापुर वराधीर आरोहक मगदन्त रिपुरायकान्वादान्त वैरि-वैधव्य पाण्डव-कुल-कमल-मार्त्तण्ड कदनप्रचण्ड कलिंग-कोदण्ड मार्त्तण्ड एकावीर रणरङ्गधीर अश्वपतिराय दिक्पति-राजपति-राय-संहारक नरपतिराय दिक्पति-गजपति-राय-संहारक मस्तक तलत्र हरि सामन्त मृग चामूर कोङ्गण चातुर्दिग भय रच्छपुट काच्छपुट ई वरमुख कमल-विनिर्गत-ब्रह्मवीणादि भरतशास्त्र प्रसिद्ध अनेकास्त्र प्रवीण कोरण्ड व्यालि नागार्जुनादि मन्त्र-त्रय-शुद्ध प्रसिद्ध समुदाय नमित पादारविन्द अरिराय कुल-विलय कालानल नीति आकार पराशङ्खना-पुत्र सुवर्ण-वराह-लाञ्छन ध्वज । श्री सोमवंशोद्भव परीक्षित चक्रवर्ती तत्पुत्र जनमेजय चक्रवर्ती हस्तिनापुरे सुखङ्गदा विनोदेन दक्षिण दिग्वलया दिग्विजय यात्रेय तुङ्गभद्रा-हरिद्रा सङ्गमे श्री हरिहरदेव सन्निधौ कटकं उत्कलित चैत्रमासे कृष्णपक्ष सोमदिने भरणी महानक्षत्रे संक्रान्ति व्यतीपात निर्मित समये सर्पयागं करोमि।</div>
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At least 3 grants by his descendants use Vijaya samvatsara (after Digvijaya in 3014 BC). The inscription numbers are as given in Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol. IVby Sri Stayanarayan Rajaguru-Orissa State Museum, 1966-</div>
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(16) Grant of year 3 of Mahābhavagupta rule from central capital of Suvarṇapur- ॐ स्वस्ति <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">सुवर्ण्णपुर</span> समावासितः श्रीमते विजयस्कन्दाभारात् परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वर श्री शिवगुप्तदेव पादानुध्यात परम माहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति</span> श्री महाभवगुप्तराजदेवः —- <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">विजयराज्ये सम्वत्सरे</span> तृतीये श्रावण सुदि ५ लिखितमिदं शासनं महासान्धिविग्रहप्रतिबद्धकायस्थ कोईघोषेण वल्लघोष सुतेन सङ्ग्रामेन उत्कीरितं शासनमिति रयण ओझा सुतेन मङ्गल महाश्रीः॥</div>
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(17) Grant of Mura-sīma-pattana in year 6 of Mahābhavagupta- ॐ स्वस्त्यमलमणि कुट्टिम सदन चलदनेक वरवार विलासिनी-जन चरण नूपुर-रव-त्रस्त पारावत-स्वन वधिरित दश दिशो नाना दिग्देशान्तरादागत बन्दि वृन्द विस्तारित कीर्त्तिर्व्विविध विद्यालङ्कृत विद्वज्जनजनित विदग्धकाव्यालापस्तुतधनपति विभवस्पर्द्धित विपणिजनपरस्य संहर्षरचित विचित्रप्रासादाट्टालिका विहाररामदेवकुलोद्यान वापीकूप तड़ागोपनिर्ज्जित सुरसदनमहिम्नः श्रीमतो <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">मूरसीमपत्तन</span>वरात्॥ —-श्री शिवगुप्त पादानुध्यात परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज सोमकुलतिलक <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति</span> परमेश्वर श्री महाराज भवगुप्त देवः —- <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य विजयराज्ये सम्वत्सरे</span> षष्ठे फाल्गुनमास द्वितीयपक्षतिथौ प्रतिपदि यत्राङ्कतोऽपि सम्वत् ६ फाल्गुन सुदी १ लिखितमिदं शासनं महासान्धिविग्रह श्रीमल्लदत्त श्रीधारदत्त सुत प्रतिबद्ध कायस्थ कोई घोषेण् वल्लभघोष सुतेन। उत्कीर्ण्णं सुवर्ण्णकार वापुकेन शावदेवसुतेन।</div>
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(25) Copper plate grant of 34 Vijaya Samvat by Mahābhavagupta- ॐ स्वस्ति श्री <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">सुवर्ण्णपुर </span>समावासित श्रीमद् <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">विजयकटकात्</span>। परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज श्री शिवगुप्तदेव पादानुध्यात परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति</span> श्री महाभवगुप्तराजदेवः—— परममाहेश्वर परमभट्टारक महाराजाधिराज परमेश्वरसोमकुलतिलक त्रिकलिङ्गाधिपति <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">श्री जनमेजयदेवस्य प्रवर्द्धमाने</span> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">विजये राज्ये सम्वत्सरे</span> चतुस्त्रिंशत्तमे आश्विन बदी अष्टम्याम् तिथौ सम्वत् ३४ आश्विन बदी ८ लिखितमिदं ताम्र शासनं महासान्धिविग्रहिक राणक श्रीधारदत्त स्याभिमतेन। श्री ईयोकेन श्रीयपसुतेन उत्कीर्ण्णम्।</div>
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Featured image courtesy: Wikipedia and <span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hamara Hindustan.</span></div>
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Arun Upadhyay</h4>
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Arun Upadhyay is a retired IPS officer. He is the author of 10 books and 80 research papers.</div>
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Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-34066518148209851472018-11-23T11:21:00.000-08:002018-11-23T11:21:36.084-08:00The Real Kattappa of Indian History<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">The Real Kattappa of Indian History; Loyalty Personified</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzq0y129addnz8ST0x29XZydfszREAeawpK7oQi_gl_pzQ95VVGYkV_CTOiEvsmJ5Rndi_wySX1d9f4QG23gJIq2hztKpXXeIBlX9t8eR89jL8wNXaJq3m0G-t1OEuZrdHleOiKLAXG70/s1600/7E0B37CA-266E-4D5E-B4B5-B077C602FD18.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="600" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzq0y129addnz8ST0x29XZydfszREAeawpK7oQi_gl_pzQ95VVGYkV_CTOiEvsmJ5Rndi_wySX1d9f4QG23gJIq2hztKpXXeIBlX9t8eR89jL8wNXaJq3m0G-t1OEuZrdHleOiKLAXG70/s320/7E0B37CA-266E-4D5E-B4B5-B077C602FD18.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The movie <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Baahubali</span> was a grand success and almost everybody is familiar with the characters of this magnum opus. Kattappa is portrayed in the movie as a man who is fiercely loyal to the royal throne of Mahishmati and will do anything to preserve it and protect it. Kattappa is an embodiment of the fiercest bravery, valor and loyalty.</div>
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In real life, such a selfless man as Kattappa is very hard to find. But are you aware, that in Indian history there was a man who had all the qualities of Kattappa? He was a fierce warrior, a very able strategist and loyal to the extent that he spent all his life saving the royal family he served and kept it safe when it was in grave danger of becoming extinct or converted to another faith. This man never assumed power although he was revered even more than the king.</div>
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This man was Durgadas Rathore who protected and served the royal family of Jodhpur and kept the Marwar flag flying high when it was in dire straits. He is the real Kattappa of Indian History!</div>
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Durgadas was born in a smaller noble family of Jodhpur on 13 August 1638. His father Askaran Rathore was a minister in the royal court of Jodhpur, the then capital of Marwar. Jaswant Singh was the Maharaja of Marwar. Durgadas had shown his valor and courage in many battles. He was in the good books of the Maharaja. By this time, Marwar had accepted the sovereignty of the Mughals and Jaswant Singh was made the prime commander of the Mughal army of Aurangzeb. Jaswant Singh was sent by Aurangzeb to quell the revolt of the Afghans in Kabul, Afghanistan. Here, he breathed his last in 1678 near Peshawar. At the time of his death, two of his queens were pregnant.</div>
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Aurangzeb was a clever fox who never lost a minute in annexing a state in such situations. He declared Marwar as a <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jagir</span> of Mughal empire and installed Indra Singh Rathore, a nephew of Jaswant Singh as its ruler. Aurangzeb personally moved from Delhi to Ajmer to oversee the operation.</div>
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Both the pregnant queens of Jaswant Singh gave birth to sons. Now to quell any dispute, Aurangzeb ordered Rathores to send both the queens and sons of Jaswant Singh to Delhi. He assured that he would take care of them and would allot a<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> jagir</span> to the elder of the two. The elder son of Jaswant Singh was named Ajit Singh. Pretty soon, the younger brother of Ajit Singh died leaving him as the sole heir of Marwar. Rathores had to reluctantly obey the Mughals as Marwar was under control of Aurangzeb’s stooge Indra Singh. Both the queens and infant were brought to Delhi and kept at the Rathore mansion in Shahjanabad (Old Delhi).</div>
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Prominent Rathore leaders and noblemen of Jodhpur went in a delegation led by Durgadas Rathore to plead for Ajit Singh to be named as the royal heir and Maharaja of Marwar. Aurangzeb repeated his promise of giving a <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jagir</span> to Ajit Singh with the title of <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raja</span> when he attained age. The Rajput nobles persisted their demand of giving the throne of Marwar to Ajit Singh. Now Aurangzeb put forth his next cunning move; he promised he would give the throne of Marwar to Ajit Singh only if he converted to Islam and raised as a proper Muslim in his harem.</div>
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The Rathores under Durgadas saw through the ploy and retired to their mansion seeking time to think. It was 25th June 1679. Durgadas decided to take both the queens and the child to Jodhpur even at the risk of their lives. A servant girl was left at the mansion with her child disguised as Ajit Singh. Both the queens disguised in male attire and the delegation moved out on the treacherous way to Jodhpur from Delhi. Aurangzeb was quick to react and sent his soldiers to capture Durgadas and party.</div>
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Durgadas quickly took control of the situation and used gunfire to stop them dead in their tracks. With this obstacle removed, the small band of Rathores started on their perilous journey towards Jodhpur. The Mughals were not so easily giving up on them and they soon started following them at a breakneck speed. Durgadas was in a dilemma as the Mughals were fast catching up on them. Now he had to think fast and act fast. As they were moving towards Jodhpur, Rathores under him devised a scheme to slow down the progress of Mughals chasing them. Few of them stopped and laid an ambush. The Mughals arrived and had to fight their way through this very small party of Rathores. The Rajputs were outnumbered hugely, but this gave the much needed extra time to the fleeing party ahead of them.</div>
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The Mughals kept pursuing them; after few miles, the Rathores again followed the same scheme and some of them again sacrificed their lives to keep the heir alive. Several repetitions of this scheme until the party comprised only of Durgadas, infant Ajit Singh, the queens and three other Rathore nobles. They reached Balunda; here one of the families of the nobles gave shelter to the queens and Ajit Singh at the same time pledging to protect them even at the peril of their lives. Durgadas and the others vanished into the Aravalis to carry on their struggle of placing Ajit Singh on throne.</div>
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A furious Aurangzeb, facing failure, decided to teach the Rathores of Jodhpur a lesson. He captured the boy left behind at the mansion in Shahjanabad and claimed that he had caught Ajit Singh. He converted the boy to Islam. This was done in order to fool people of Marwar that the real Ajit Singh was an impostor.</div>
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Aurangzeb ordered his son Muhammad Akbar to occupy Marwar so as to fully integrate it into the Mughal dominion. Akbar moved on to Marwar, commanding a considerable army. Ajit Singh’s mother was a Sisodia and from the royal family of Mewar. Through her coercion, Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar decided to help the Rathores. But the combined army of Rathores and Sisodiyas was greatly outnumbered by the Mughal forces. They faced defeat in the open battle field and was forced to retreat to the Aravalis. Durgadas was the leader of Rathore faction. Maharana Raj Singh withdrew his Mewar army towards his own province as he feared a direct assault by Mughals on his kingdom. But, he continued to support the Rathores by actively engaging in guerilla warfare by looting Mughal camps and attacking and disrupting their supply lines. Durgadas Rathore and his followers too continued to do the same.</div>
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Aurangzeb was fed up of this and imposed <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jaziya</span> tax on Marwar. He devastated numerous Hindu temples and shrines. For 20 years, Marwar remained under direct Mughal occupation. Meanwhile, Ajit Singh was sent by Durgadas to Sirohi, a remote town on the borders of present Gujarat and Rajasthan. Here he continued to live without Mughal harassment. Durgadas himself trained the prince on the art of warfare. They waited for the right time to take back the throne of Marwar. Kattappa of Mahishmati did the same to save prince Baahubali.</div>
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The Mughal empire was severely affected by the Rathores’ guerilla tactics. Durgadas attacked treasuries and looted the Mughals and did not let them rest. It was a time when the Mughals were also being threatened by the Marathas in the Deccan. Aurangzeb decided to send his sons Azam and Muazzam to support Akbar and bring Rathores to their knees. Durgadas was quick to understand the gravity of the situation. He secretly started parleys with Muhammad Akbar and incited him to revolt against his father. He promised him full help in his endeavor to become the Mughal emperor. Akbar was told that policies of Aurangzeb were actually harming the Mughal empire by eroding its support. Akbar on the behest of Durgadas, declared himself emperor in an open rebellion.</div>
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Aurangzeb was a wily character; he devised a scheme so as to create discord between Akbar and his Rajput allies. He was successful in this and Akbar had to run away. Akbar later was able to convince Durgadas that the rift caused among them was a scheme of his father Aurangzeb and Durgadas again started supporting him fully. As Rajput forces were not enough to install him as emperor, Durgadas took him to Deccan to meet Sambhaji, the Maratha king. Akbar lived there for many years hoping for Maratha aid. His two children, a son and a daughter were under Durgadas’s care who in spite of the schemes and treacheries of the Mughals arranged for their education and raised them as Musalmans. He could have easily converted them to Hinduism but such was the greatness of Durgadas that he did not do so.</div>
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Akbar later fled to Persia to garner support for himself but died soon after. After Akbar’s death, a peace treaty ensued between Rathores and Aurangzeb. The children of Akbar were handed back to the old emperor who was amazed to find them to be raised in proper Islamic way.</div>
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Soon after, Aurangzeb died. This gave perfect opportunity to Durgadas to capture Jodhpur and whole of Marwar. He succeeded! He installed Ajit Singh as the Maharaja of Marwar thus fulfilling his duty and promise as custodian of the Rathore royal family.</div>
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Durgadas then left Jodhpur and lived in Sadri, Udaipur, Rampura, Bhanpura for some time and then left for Ujjain to worship Mahakaal. On 22 November 1718, on the banks of the Shipra at Ujjain, Durgadas finally breathed his last at the age of 81 years. His canopy in red sandstone is still at the Chakratirtha, Ujjain, which is a pilgrimage for all those who like the virtues of loyalty and bravery.</div>
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So, this was the real Kattappa of Indian history of whom we all never read in our history books. This again brings us to this question as to why such personalities are left out?</div>
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Yogaditya Singh Rawal</h4>
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National level competitive bodybuilder, Mr. India 2016 (Federation Cup Bodybuilding), Certified Fitness Trainer (ISSA-USA), Performance Nutrition Consultant, Diet Consultant, Writer, and Practitioner of Ancient Indian Battlefield Art 'Sanatan Shastra Vidya'. He runs a gym (Total Training Terminal) in East Delhi.</div>
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Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-48441414657544102122018-11-23T11:13:00.000-08:002018-11-23T11:13:43.430-08:00Indian victories not told by historians <span style="border: 0px; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 900; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Victories of Indian Warriors against Islamic Invaders that History Books Ignored</span><br />
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<a href="https://myindiamyglory.com,%20http://krishntrilogy.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1f1e1e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;">manoshi sinha</a></h4>
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Manoshi Sinha is a writer, poet, certified astrologer, avid traveler, and author of 7 books including 'The Eighth Avatar', and 'Blue Vanquisher' - Krishn Trilogy 1 and 2 that delve on Krishn beyond myth</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">Islamic invaders ruled only parts of India, not India as our history books tell us. Indian rulers did offer stiff resistance to invaders. They fought until their last breath. There are hundreds of valorous victories by our ancestors from the east to west, north to south from 8th century to 18th century – the period of Islamic invasion, plunder, and rule. But these glorious stories are kept hidden. Rather we are taught more about glories of invaders. Many regions could not be touched by Mughals or other Islamic plunderers given the military strength of the respective rulers.</span><br />
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Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born political leader and social activist, has rightly said, “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.” In the true sense of the term, we are a tree without roots. Because we are denied knowledge of our true history. Robert Heinlein, an American author wrote, “A generation which ignores history has no past and no future.” We are a generation that have ignored history in the true sense.</div>
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The fighting spirit in Indian warriors started declining after the concept of non-violence gained momentum. Most Indian kings and their subjects lost interest in warfare. Generation after generation, the courage, fearlessness, and valor which otherwise were the key attributes of warriors and soldiers, started to decline. Few Indian rulers gave little importance in maintaining a robust army or upgradation of military infrastructure. Hence, they were taken unawares when Islamic invaders attacked their kingdoms. They could not offer any stiff resistance. Though Bharat was advanced in every field these rulers could not save their respective kingdoms from being looted and plundered by Islamic invaders. They couldn’t save their men from being butchered and women taken away as sex slaves. They couldn’t they save the hundreds and thousands of heritage temples, ancestral buildings and universities from being destroyed by the Islamic plunderers. The concept of non-violence weakened and destroyed the warrior spirit in many an Indian kingdom, which led to their destruction.</div>
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But not all kingdoms followed this concept of non-violence. Those rulers who kept a ready army and upgraded their military infrastructure survived the attacks. They offered a stiff resistance. But all of these sagas of valor and victory are not highlighted in our history books. Let us delve on few of our glories.</div>
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Lalitaditya Muktapida was the ruler of Kashmir when Junaid, the Arab governor of Sindh, attacked Kashmir following the orders of Caliph Hisham in the 8<sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> century. The Kashmir king defeated Junaid and thus the Arab attempt of plundering Kashmir failed. Lalitaditya Muktapida also subjugated the Turks by attacking their territories. Raja Samgramaraja of Kashmir in the 11<sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> century repulsed several attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni. Plunderer Mahmud could never defeat the Kashmiri king! Besides, Raja Samgramaraja also helped Trilochanpala, the Hindu Sahi ruler of Kabul, with an army against Mahmud of Ghazni. The combined army defeated Sultan Mahmud.</div>
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One of the biggest alliances of Indian rulers was witnessed when the Arabs attacked and ransacked cities up to Ujjain before the mid 8th century. The battle was fought between the Arab forces led by Emir Junaid and and an alliance of Indian dynasties led by Gurjar Pratihar king Nagbhat I. The Indian alliance comprised of Gurjar Pratihars, Chalukyas, Rashtrakuta, Guhil, etc. A series of battles was fought between Arabs and Hindus. The final battle was fought in 738 AD in the borders of Rajasthan. The Arabs faced a crushing defeat. After this Muslim plunderers did not think of attacking India for several years, in fact, for more than a century!</div>
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Do you know Ghori first attacked the Gujarat region? Gujarat was then ruled by the Chalukya Solanki Rajputs. Naiki Devi was then the Queen Regent; the ruler Mularaja II was a minor. Ghori was badly defeated in the battle that took place in 1178. Firishta, a Persian historian from the 16th century mentions how the ruler of Gujarat defeated the Muslim army “with great slaughter”. Mohammad Ghori was so badly defeated in this expedition that he did not think about attacking India until 1191! Never again did he attack Gujarat in his life!</div>
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Assam king Prithu defeated Bakhtiyar Khilji (the plunderer who burnt Nalanda University) in 1206 AD. Prithu badly wounded Khilji and made him bedridden. Ahoms stationed a strong force to counter attacks. The Ahoms defeated the Islamic invaders several times. In 1527 A.D., Rukunuddin Rukun Khan, the general of Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah, the Sultan of Bengal invaded Kamrupa only to be defeated by the Ahoms. Viswa Singha was then the Ahom king of Kamrupa. Hearing about the defeat of Rukun Khan, the Sultan dispatched his general Mit Manik with an army of one thousand horsemen and ten thousand foot soldiers. In this battle, the Ahoms won. Mit Manik was taken prisoner while Rukun Khan fled from the battlefield. The Ahoms captured a large booty including some fire arms. And who isn’t familiar with Ahom general Lachit Borphukan who defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671!</div>
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Who doesn’t know about Taimur Lang, one of the most barbaric of Islamic invaders who massacred lakhs of Hindus, razed temples to the ground, and looted wealth of temples and civilians! All of this happened on his way from across the Indus River covering Attock towards Delhi. Do you know Taimur could not succeed in plundering India during his return expedition? Around 80,000 men from different communities, ranging from Jats, Gurjars, Rajputs, Brahmins to Ahirs, Valmikis, and hill tribes were part of the troop that attacked Taimur and slaughtered a major portion of his army. Meerut, Haridwar and neighboring areas were saved from being looted and plundered by Taimur. It was Devpala, a Jat who held a Mahapanchayat and made this possible. Mahabali Jograj Singh Gurjar was the Supreme General while 20-year old Rampyari Gurjar was the General of 40,000 women warriors. Together, the men and women warriors wreaked havoc on Taimur in Meerut and Haridwar in 1398, forcing him to flee India.</div>
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<a href="https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2018/11/21/victories-of-indian-warriors-against-islamic-invaders-that-history-books-ignored/" target="_blank">Link</a></div>
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Mughal army sent by Shah Jahan in 1640 to attack Garhwal failed in the expedition. Rani Karnavati badly defeated them. She also cut the noses of the surviving Mughal soldiers due to which she was called Naak Kati Rani. Her cruel and merciless stance frightened the Mughals and they could never win Garhwal.</div>
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Likewise, Rani Bhavashankari, Akbar’s contemporary, made it compulsory to recruit a soldier from every family. She was the ruler of Bhurishhrestha of Bengal. She stationed forces at the border and well maintained her army. She defeated the Pathan Sultan thrice. Even Akbar did not interfere in her sovereignty.</div>
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Narasimhadeva from Orissa built the Konark temple after his victory against Islamic rulers. He attacked the Bengal Sultanate’s territories before the Sultan could attack him. During battle, he played one tactic played by the Islamic invaders and he won. It was 1248 AD.</div>
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Kapaya Nayaka, a Musunri Nayaka, in the South drove the Tughlaqs out of the Warrangal (then Telangana) territory in 1336 and re-established Hindu supremacy. He could do this with the help of 75 subordinate Nayakas; another best example of unity against a common foreign enemy. He also helped other South Indian kingdoms regain back their kingdoms from the Islamic invaders.</div>
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Raja Ganesha, a direct descendant of the Deva dynasty of Bengal, recaptured the throne of Bengal from Islamic rulers in 1414. He establish his superiority and Hindu dominion in a region dominated by the Muslims for over 200 years. According to the book <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Riyaz-us-Salatin</span>, a chronicle written in Persian language by Ghulam Husain Salim Zaidpuri on the complete history of the Muslim rule in Bengal, nobleman Ganesha killed Shihabuddin and seized the throne. In alliance with another Hindu king Sivasimha of Mithila, Ganesha defeated Ibrahim Shah, a neighboring Sultan.</div>
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Prataprao Gurjar, the Maratha Senapati and Morapant Pingle, the first Peshwa led the Maratha army of 20,000 soldiers against Mughals numbering 40,000 at Battle of Salher, Nashik 1672. Though the Marathas were less superior to the Mughals in terms of weaponry and war animals yet in this fierce battle, the Marathas emerged victorious! This battle saw the Mughals decimated for the first time in an open battle! But is there any mention of this victorious battle in our history books?</div>
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Tarabai Bhosale (daughter-in-law of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj), who ruled the Maratha Empire from 1700 until 1708, herself led her army into the battlefield and successfully fought against Mughal forces. According to Jadunath Sarkar, a prominent Bengali historian, it was because of the administrative genius and strength of Tarabai that the Maratha Empire survived the awful crisis from 1700 to 1707 – when Mughals tried their best to occupy Maratha territories, but in vain. She valorously defended her territories.</div>
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Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, General of Guru Gobind Singh’s Khalsa army at the age of 38, led five battles to victory against Mughal and other Islamic forces. This included three battles in 1709 in Sonepat, Samana, and Sadhaura and two battles in 1710 at Chappar Chiri and Rahon. Following victory in Chappar Chiri battle, Banda Singh established his rule in Punjab. By 1710 Banda Singh Bahadur captured almost entire Punjab in the east of Lahore and put an end to Islamic rule in this region.</div>
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Rani Chennamma of Keladi fought against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s forces. The battle took place because Chennamma gave shelter to Rajaram Raje Bhonsle, younger son of Chhatrapati Shivaji and facilitated his escape to Jinji Fort. It was the enemy Mughal forces who withdrew in this battle, sensing defeat and begged for a treaty. It was for the first time that the Mughals proposed peace accord with an Indian ruler! She also defeated the Sultan of Bijapur.</div>
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Pazhassi Raja, who became the prince regent of the princely state of Kottayam of Malabar at a young age of 21 in 1774 bravely resisted Hyder Ali’s troops using guerrilla warfare techniques. He set up a number of guerrilla bases in the forested mountains of Puralimala and Wayanad, which he and his men were well familiar of. And they started attacking Hyder Ali’s troops in small groups at short intervals. This resulted in casualties in the Mysore army with every attack until Mysore troops reduced to a considerable extent. Hyder Ali entered into alliance with two neighboring chiefs to collectively crush Pazhassi Raja, but in vain. He could never defeat Pazhassi Raja. In later years, he also resisted Tipu Sultan’s troops.</div>
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There are countless more examples of victory by Indian warriors against Islamic invaders and rulers, but these are not shown in our history books. Islamic rulers ruled only a part of India not whole but we are made to read they ruled India.</div>
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Yes, Islamic invaders and plunderers could also loot and plunder few kingdoms because Bharatiya rulers strictly followed rules of Dharma in warfare. They avoided fighting with an opponent already engaged in a fight with another. They avoided stabbing from behind or hitting below the navel. They took care of the injured at the end of the day. They considered women, prisoners of war, and farmers as sacred. They never pillaged the land or destroyed standing structures in enemy lands. They were merciful if enemies asked for pardon. Battlefield exploits took place only during daytime. This was followed since time immemorial.</div>
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History is full of such examples of Dharma followed by Indian Hindu kings. Prithviraj Chauhan pardoned Mohammad Ghori when he asked for pardon though the latter attacked him several times. At one instance Prithviraj saw Ghori fleeing from the battlefield but he did not attack the running enemy. On the final (16th according to few sources) attack, Ghori defeated Prithviraj. Did Ghori pardon Prithviraj? No! He raped the king’s wife Sanyogita in front of him several times and took him prisoner to Ghor where he tortured him to death. Ghori plundered Delhi, slaughtered to death soldiers and civilians, took women as sex slaves, destroyed temples, and the list of atrocities is endless. Had Prithviraj killed Ghori, history would have been different. King Prithu of Assam badly defeated Bhaktiyar Khilji in 1206 AD, but he allowed the Muslim prisoners of war to settle in his kingdom when they sought pardon. That was how Muslim settlement in Assam started. Hindu kings never defied rules of Dharma.</div>
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But Islamic invaders and plunderers did the opposite of these very rules of Dharma followed by Hindu kings in warfare. They followed the tactics of treachery, deception and cruelty. They plundered kingdoms, pillaged land, killed the weak and innocent, raped women and took them as slaves, stabbed warriors from behind, destroyed standing structures and temples, and what not! Converting the defeated people to Islam was one of their key strategies. Akbar, deemed ‘the GREAT’ ordered the slaughter of around 40,000 unarmed old men, women and children of Chittorgarh after he captured it on 23 February 1568 as per accounts by Abul Fazl and Badauni, Muslim historians. Rajput women started committing <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jauhar </span>only to save themselves from disgrace at the hands of Muslim invaders.</div>
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In 1226, Raja Bir Singh of Birsinghpur in Bengal defeated the Turks led by Giasuddin Iwaz Khilji. Facing defeat, the Turks hatched a plan of treachery. To easily subjugate the Hindu army of Raja Bir Singh, Giasuddin Iwaz Khilji used cattle in the battlefield. Each horn of the cows was wrapped with a piece of cloth soaked in flamable liquid. The horns were lit up when the battle was about to begin. The Muslim army followed the cattle that ran berserk towards the Hindu army. As cows were sacred to the Hindus, the Hindu army did not give resistance. Giving a resistance would harm the cows. Using this trick of treachery, Khilji won the second battle.</div>
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Afzhal Khan, the ablest of commanders of the Adilshahi army of the Bijapur Sultanate deceived negotiators during meetings. In 1639, he treacherously murdered Kasturi Ranga, the king of Sera, a small South Indian kingdom, during a meeting. Shivaji went to meet Afzhal Khan after equipping himself with weapons hidden from view. Because he knew Afzhal Khan might secretly attack him. In the meeting, Afzhal Khan applied his treacherous tactics and secretly attacked Shivaji during an embrace. Shivaji immediately reciprocated, disemboweling him with <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the wagh nakh</span> and stabbing him with the <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bichu</span>. A combat followed. Sambhaji Kavji, Shivaji’s bodyguard killed the heavily injured Afzhal Khan.</div>
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A few months before Shivaji’s coronation in 1674, the Sultan of Bijapur Adil Shah sent his general Bahalol Khan with a huge army to attack Maratha territory. The Marathas under Prataprao Gurjar defeated the Bijapuri forces and took Bahalol Khan captive and seized their war material. Shivaji had warned all of his Senapatis and the Sardars to never trust enemies and never let them go free. When Bahalol Khan repeatedly begged Prataprao for pardon and promised never to attack Maratha territory again, Prataprao Gurjar released Bahalol Khan, his troops including the seized war material. Did Bahalol Khan keep his promise? No! Prataprao Gurjar followed rules of Dharma but the Muslim army did not. Bahalol Khan marched towards Maratha territory with a fresh force of 15000 soldiers. As Khan camped unawares, Prataprao Gurjar could not arrange a big army. He had only 1200 soldiers. Ultimately he attained martyrdom at the hands of Bahalol Khan. Later the Marathas defeated Bahalol Khan in the following battle. These are only few examples of how Muslim rulers and generals deceived Hindu warriors.</div>
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Moreover, there were internal conflicts between rulers (lack of unity) and even internal conflicts within a kingdom for the throne. Then there were traitors who sided with the foreigners. All of these resulted in subjugation of many Indian kingdoms at the hands of the plunderers and looters, who were merciless and barbaric. And a similar situation still exists. And there is no dearth of traitors even today!</div>
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After Islamic invasion and rule, British, like termites damaged our cultural and educational heritage and infused the inferiority and mental slavery syndrome in Indian brains. They drained away our resources and turned India into a poor nation, economically, culturally, and socially. Lakhs of freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for the freedom we enjoy today yet this freedom is attributed to one namesake leader.</div>
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Our education syllabus, especially pertaining to History, has been designed in such a manner that we are bound to suffer from the inferiority complex syndrome. These questions will always arise in our minds – Were we always defeated? Why did our ancestors not offer any resistance? Why were we always so easily looted and plundered? These questions are bound to drift us from our rich cultural roots and ancestry, from our historicity and traditions, from our belongingness to the nation.</div>
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It is time we know our true historical roots. Jai Hind!</div>
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Featured image courtesy: Rohan Bendre and Quora.</div>
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Key Ref</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saffron Swords</span>, Manoshi Sinha.</div>
Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-14179698312959700482018-11-04T14:38:00.001-08:002018-11-04T14:38:04.311-08:00क्या क्षत्रिय मांसाहार करते थे ????<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />"क्या क्षत्रिय मांसाहार करते थे ????"<br />आज मांसाहारी मांस सेवन को सही और युक्तियुक्त ठहराने के लिए प्रमाणहीन तर्क देते हैं । क्षत्रिय कभी मांसाहारी नहीं थे वास्तविक में परंतु मैकॉले शिक्षा में एवं वामपंथी इतिहास में क्षत्रियों को मांसाहारी ठहराने के लिए तर्क देते हैं महाराजा दशरथ की शिकार का तो इस कुतर्क का खंडन करते हुए आगे क्षत्रिय धर्म से भी अवगत करवाऊंगी ।<br />प्रथम शङ्का का खंडन<br />वाल्मीकि रामायण अयोध्याकांड के 64 वें अध्याय में कथा मिलती है। श्रीराम के वनगमन पर दुखी दशरथ अपनी मृत्यु से पहले रानी कौशल्या को यह कथा बताते हैं। इसके अनुसार दशरथ शब्द भेदी बाण चलाते थे यानी शब्द व ध्वनि सुनकर बाण चलाने में समर्थ थे।<br />एक दिन हिंसक पशु के आक्रमण के भ्रम में उन्होंने श्रवण कुमार जिनके माता-पिता वृद्ध और नेत्रहीन थे, उनपर बाण चला दिया था । तो इससे यह सिद्ध होता है कि महाराजा दशरथ जी ने किसी पशु के हत्या की मंशा से बाण नहीं चलाया था , और इन्ही महाराज दशरथजी के परदादा महाराज दिलीप ने गौ माताके प्राण बचाने के लिये , स्वयं को सिंह का भोजन बना दिया था , वो किसी अन्य जानवर को मारकर भी सिंहका पेट भर सकते थे ।</div>
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चंद्रवंशी राजपूत आनव कुल में पुरुवंशी नरेश शिबि उशीनगर देश के महाराजा की त्याग की गाथा सुनकर इंद्र और आग<br />शिबि की त्याग की भावना तात्कालिक और अस्थायी है या उनके स्वभाव का स्थायी गुण, इसकी परीक्षा करने के लिए इंद्र और अग्नि ने एक योजना बनायी। अग्नि ने एक कबूतरका रूप धारण किया और इन्द्र ने एक बाज का। कबूतर को अपना आहार बनाने के लिए बाज ने उसका शिकार करने के लिए पीछा किया। कबूतर तेजी से उड़ता हुआ राजा शिबि के चरणों में जा पड़ा और बोला- मेरी रक्षा कीजिए। शिबि ने उसे रक्षा का आश्वासन दिया। पीछे-पीछे बाज भी आ पहुंचा। उसने शिबि से कहा, महाराज! मैं इस कबूतर का पीछा करता आ रहा हूं और इसे अपना आहार बना कर अपनी भूख मिटाना चाहता हूं, यह मेरा भक्ष्य है। आप इसकी रक्षा न करें।</div>
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शिबि ने बाज से कहा, मैंने इस पक्षी को अभय प्रदान किया है। इसे कोई मारे यह मैं कभी सह नहीं सकता। तुम्हें अपनी भूख मिटाने के लिए मांस चाहिए, सो मैं तुम्हें अपने शरीर से इस कबूतर के वजन के बराबर मांस काटकर देता हूं। उन्होंने एक तराजू मंगवाई और उसके एक पलड़े में कबूतर को रख दिया। दूसरे पलड़े में महाराज शिबि अपने शरीर से मांस काटकर डालने लगे। काफी मांस काट डाला किंतु कबूतर वाला पलड़ा तनिक भी नहीं हिला और अंत में महाराज शिबि स्वयं उस पलड़े पर जा बैठे और बाज से बोले, मेरा पूरा शरीर तुम्हारे सामने है, आओ भोजन करो।</div>
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महाराज शिबि की त्याग बुद्धि को स्वीकार करते हुए अग्नि और इंद्र अपने स्वाभाविक रूप में प्रकट हुए और महाराज शिबि को भी उठा कर खड़ा कर दिया। उन्होंने शिबि की त्याग भावना की बड़ी प्रशंसा की, आशीर्वाद दिया और फिर चले गए।</div>
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निष्कर्ष तो यही निकलता है क्षत्रिय मांसाहारी नहीं थे क्योंकि उनके मुख में गंगा और कंठ में वेद होते थे और भुजाओं में महादेव विराजते थे सर कटने के बाद भी धर निरंतर युद्ध करता था ऐसे अशीर्वादित देह को किसी निर्दोष पशुओं का वक्षण कर भोजन कर के दुषित नहीं करना चाहते थे । अगर क्षत्रिय मांसाहारी होते तो खुद की बलि देकर हिंसक पशुओं का पेठ नही भरते दूसरे जानवर को बलि चढ़ा देते त्याग, दया और स्नेह विनम्रता किसी भी मांसाहारी व्यक्ति में ना के बराबर मिलेगी । क्षत्रिय अगर शिकार कर के पशुओं की मांस का भोजन करता था तो उन्हें गौ-ब्राह्मण प्रति पालक क्यों कहा गया ??? क्यों महाराजा दिलीप और शिबि ने अपनी मांस की जगह किसी अन्य पशु का शिकार करके मांस नहीं खिलाया ????</div>
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-40930945014963089482018-11-04T14:33:00.000-08:002018-11-04T14:33:34.846-08:00बिजया” मंदिर बना “बीजामंडल” मस्जिद<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“बिजया” मंदिर बना “बीजामंडल” मस्जिद</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">मूल नाम: बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर (हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">स्थान: विदिशा, मध्य प्रदेश</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />इस्लामिक अत्याचार के बाद परिवर्तित नाम: बीजा मंडल मस्जिद<br />मध्य प्रदेश की राजधानी भोपाल से लगभग ६० किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित है – विदिशा शहर। विदिशा अपनी बीजामंडल मस्जिद और उसके दिलचस्प इतिहास के लिए प्रसिध्द है।<br />इस्लामिक राज में भारतवर्ष के बहुत से अद्भुत वैभवशाली मंदिर विनष्ट कर मस्जिद में बदल दिए गए थे। हिन्दू मंदिरों को लूट-खसोट कर, उनकी संपत्ति हड़प कर, उसे तबाह करने के बाद उसी ढहाए हुए मंदिर के बचे हुए अवशेषों से वहां मस्जिद बना दी जाती थी। और इस तरह एक हिन्दू मंदिर मस्जिद में तब्दील कर दिया जाता था, बीजामंडल मस्जिद भी इसी का एक उदाहरण है।<br />आज अपना सारा वैभव खोकर खड़ा बीजामंडल मुग़ल और इस्लामिक लुटेरों के भीषण क्रूर अत्याचार की दर्दनाक कहानी कह रहा है।<br />बिजया मंदिर परमार राजाओं द्वारा बनवाया गया प्रतिष्ठा की देवी चर्चिका का मंदिर था। इस मंदिर को ध्वस्त कर उसी की तोड़ी गई सामग्री से वहां बीजामंडल मस्जिद बना दी गई।<br />वहां मौजूद एक स्तंभ पर मिले संस्कृत अभिलेख के अनुसार मूलतः यह मंदिर विजय दिलाने वाली देवी ‘विजया’ को अर्पित था, जिसे मालवा के राजा नरवर्मन ने बनवाया था। भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण (ASI) भी इसका स्पष्ट उल्लेख करता है।<br />बीजा या बिजया शब्द – देवी विजया रानी के नाम का ही बिगड़ा हुआ रूप है। इस तरह बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर एक हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित मंदिर था।<br />सन् १६५८-१७०७ में औरंगजेब की क्रूर निगाह इस पर पड़ी, जिसने अपना शिकार बनाते हुए इसे लूट-खसोट कर तहस-नहस कर दिया। उसने कीमती मूर्तियों को मंदिर के उत्तरी भाग में दबवा दिया और इसे एक मस्जिद में परिवर्तित कर दिया।<br />भले ही यह परिसर अब भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग द्वारा स्मारक के रूप में संरक्षित है लेकिन पिछले ३०० वर्षों से इसका इस्तेमाल खासतौर से ईद के मौके पर ईदगाह के रूप में और बड़ी महफिलों के लिए होता आ रहा है।<br />सन् १९९१ की एक तूफानी रात में इस मस्जिद के उत्तरी किनारे की दीवार भारी बारिश के कारण भहराकर गिर पड़ी। टूट कर उलट-पुलट हो चुकी इस दीवार ने बिजया मंदिर की ३०० वर्ष पुरानी दबी हुई समृद्धि को उजागर कर दिया। भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग भी यह स्वीकार करता है कि उनके द्वारा वहां खुदाई करवा कर कई तराशी हुई मूर्तियां, बहुमूल्य ख़जाना और प्रतिमाएं प्राप्त की गईं।<br />बीजामंडल मस्जिद की दिवारों और स्तंभों पर रामायण और महाभारत के अभिलेख खुदे हुए हैं। यह सभी प्रमाण लोगों के देखने के लिए वहां उपलब्ध हैं।<br />मुसलमानों को इस बात को समझना होगा कि कैसे उनके हिन्दू पूर्वजों (काफिरों) को और उनकी सांस्कृतिक धरोहरों को जबरन इस्लाम में परिवर्तित किया गया है। सांस्कृतिक धरोहर को वापस पाने की इस मुहीम में उन्हें हिन्दुओं के साथ आकर इसे और गति प्रदान करनी चाहिए।</span><br />
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-19479244349767882922018-11-04T14:29:00.001-08:002018-11-04T14:29:36.801-08:00भारतवर्ष का प्राचीन नाम हिमवर्ष<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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पुराणों में बताया गया है कि प्रलयकाल के पश्चात् स्वायम्भुव मनु के ज्येष्ठ पुत्र प्रियव्रत ने रात्रि में भी प्रकाश रखने की इच्छा से ज्योतिर्मय रथ के द्वारा सात बार भूमण्डल की परिक्रमा की। परिक्रमा के दौरान रथ की लीक से जो सात मण<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;">्डलाकार गड्ढे बने, वे ही सप्तसिंधु हुए। फिर उनके अन्तर्वर्ती क्षेत्र सात महाद्वीप हुए जो क्रमशः जम्बूद्वीप, प्लक्षद्वीप, शाल्मलिद्वीप, कुशद्वीप, क्रौंचद्वीप, शाकद्वीप और पुष्करद्वीप कहलाए। ये द्वीप क्रमशः दुगुने बड़े होते गए हैं और उनमें जम्बूद्वीप सबके बीच में स्थित है-</span></div>
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‘जम्बूद्वीपः समस्तानामेतेषां मध्यसंस्थितः’</div>
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(ब्रह्ममहापुराण, 18.13)</div>
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प्रियव्रत के 10 पुत्रों में से 3 के विरक्त हो जाने के कारण शेष 7 पुत्र— आग्नीध्र, इध्मजिह्व, यज्ञबाहु, हिरण्यरेता, घृतपृष्ट, मेधातिथि और वीतिहोत्र क्रमशः जम्बूद्वीप, प्लक्षद्वीप, शाल्मलिद्वीप, कुशद्वीप, क्रौंचद्वीप, शाकद्वीप और पुष्करद्वीप के अधिपति हुए।</div>
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प्रियव्रत ने अपने पुत्र आग्नीध्र को जम्बूद्वीप दिया था-</div>
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‘जम्बूद्वीपं महाभाग साग्नीध्राय ददौ पिता’</div>
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मेधातिथेस्तथा प्रादात्प्लक्षद्वीपं तथापरम् ।।’</div>
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(विष्णुमहापुराण, 2.1.12)</div>
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जम्बूद्वीपाधिपति आग्नीध्र के 9 पुत्र हुए- नाभि, किंपुरुष, हरिवर्ष, इलावृत्त, रम्यक, हिरण्यमय, कुरु, भद्राश्व तथा केतुमाल। सम विभाग के लिए आग्नीध्र ने जम्बूद्वीप के 9 विभाग करके उन्हें अपने पुत्रों में बाँट दिया और उनके नाम पर ही उन विभागों के नामकरण हुए-</div>
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‘आग्नीध्रसुतास्तेमातुरनुग्रहादोत्पत्तिकेनेव संहननबलोपेताः पित्रा विभक्ता आत्म तुल्यनामानियथाभागं जम्बूद्वीपवर्षाणि बुभुजः’</div>
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(भागवतमहापुराण, 5.2.21; मार्कण्डेयमहापुराण, 53.31-35)</div>
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पिता (आग्नीध्र) ने दक्षिण की ओर का ‘हिमवर्ष’ (जिसे अब ‘भारतवर्ष’ कहते हैं) नाभि को दिया-</div>
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‘पिता दत्तं हिमाह्वं तु वर्षं नाभेस्तु दक्षिणम्’</div>
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(विष्णुमहापुराण, 2.1.18)</div>
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आठ विभागों के नाम तो ‘किंपुरुषवर्ष’, ‘हरिवर्ष’ आदि ही हुए, किंतु ज्येष्ठ पुत्र का भाग ‘नाभि’ से ‘अजनाभवर्ष’ हुआ।</div>
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जय एकलिंगजी ।। <span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f69/1.5/16/270d.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">✍️</span></span><span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f69/1.5/16/270d.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">✍️</span></span></div>
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-79014615539442571352018-11-04T14:25:00.000-08:002018-11-04T14:25:29.917-08:00The Peshva kingdom of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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17वी से 18वी सती तक चित्पावन ब्राह्मणों की शौर्यपूर्ण पराक्रम एवं कूटनीतिज्ञता के बल पर संपूर्ण अटक , कटक से लेकर अफ़ग़ान , सिंध , रावी , बंगाल की खाड़ी तक पेशवाओं ने एकछत्र हिन्दू स्वराज्य की स्थापना किया पेशवा अर्थात प्रधानमंत्री क्षत्रिय राजा महाराजों ने प्रधानमंत्री के स्थान पर सदैव चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त किया क्योंकि प्रधानमंत्री (पेशवा) सबसे महत्वपूर्ण पद होता था जिसमे केवल चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त किया जाता था क्योंकि इस पद की विशेषता थी शास्त्र एवं शस्त्र दोनों से शत्रु एवं मित्र को उत्तर देना पहले के समय में भी इस पद पर ब्राह्मण को ही नियुक्त किया जाता था (अयाचक एवं याचक दोनों को) । क्षत्रिय और चित्पावन ब्राह्मण की एकत्रीकरण से तुर्क ,मुग़ल , निज़ाम, नवाब सबके पसीने छूट गए थे तभी तो क्षत्रिय राजा छत्रपति महाराजा शिवाजी के साम्राज्य का पेशवा श्रीमंत मोरोपंत त्र्यम्बंक पिंगले जी ने संपूर्ण दक्कन से लेकर सूरत तक केसरिया पताका फैराया था । शिवाजी महाराज के बाद उनके वंशज छत्रपति शाहूजी महाराज के शासन काल तक पेशवाओं ने संपूर्ण धरा को भगवामयी कर दिए थे एवं हिन्दवी स्वराज्य की स्थापना कर चुके थे । क्षत्रिय राजा सर्वोच्च पद सलाहकार के पद पर याचक ब्राह्मण को एवं प्रधानमंत्री के पद पर चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को नियुक्त करते थे ।</div>
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मोरोपन्त त्रयम्बक पिंगले (1620 – 1683), मराठा साम्राज्य के प्रथम पेशवा थे। उन्हें 'मोरोपन्त पेशवा' भी कहते हैं। वे छत्रपति शिवाजी के अष्टप्रधानों में से एक थे।</div>
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प्रारंभिक जीवन<br />मोरोपन्त त्रयम्बक पिंगले जी का जन्म 1620 निमगांव में देशस्थ ब्राह्मण परिवार में हुआ था।</div>
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पेशवा मोरोपंत जी ने छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज के शासनकाल में राजस्व प्रणाली की शुरुआत की, और छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज पेशवा मोरोपंत की कुशल रणनीतिज्ञता से प्रशन्न होकर उन्हें रणनीति विशेषज्ञ एवं रक्षा सलाहकार के पद पर भी पेशवा मोरोपंत जी को नियुक्त कर दिया । पेशवा मोरोपंत उनके अष्ट प्रधान में से सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण एवं महाराज के निकटवर्ती थे पेशवा मोरोपंत जी महाराज छत्रपति शिवाजी ने उनके संरक्षण में किला , मंदिर एवं मठों का निर्माण, मरम्मत एवं देखरेख का दायित्व सौंप दिए थे इनसबके उपरांत संसाधन योजना बनाने का दायित्व भी पेशवा मोरोपंत जी के उपर था ।<br />मोरोपंत जी एक योद्धा एवं अभियंता के रूप में- पेशवा ने किला निर्माण कार्य एवं रणभूमि में योद्धाओं की भांति युद्ध करने जैसी अतिमहत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई,<br />यह कहना कतई गलत नहीं होगा कि पेशवा मोरोपंत जी एक कुशल वास्तुशिल्प अभियन्ता थे और इस बात का पता हमें इन संदर्भों से प्राप्त होता है कि छत्रपति शिवाजी महाराज ने प्रतापगढ़ के निर्माण और प्रशासनिक कार्य की ज़िम्मेदारी पेशवा मोरोपंत को दिया था एवं छत्रपति शिवाजी की असमय देहत्याग करने पर मोरोपंत पिंगले नाल जिले में साल्हेर-मुल्हर किलों के विकास कार्य एवं निर्माण कार्य एवं किले का शिल्पकार करने का दायित्व पेशवा मोरोपंत को दिया गया था ,पेशवा मोरोपंत जी किले निर्माणकार्य में एक पर्यवेक्षक के रूप में काम कर रहे थे । अब उनका दूसरा एवं सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्वरूप जिनकी वजह से वो महाराज छत्रपति के सर्वाधिक प्रिय थे वो है एक योद्धा का स्वरूप वो युद्धकला में दक्षता प्राप्त किये थे पेशवा (अयाचक ब्राह्मण) केवल शास्त्र के नहीं शस्त्र के भी धनी थे ।<br />मोरोपंत जी द्वारा लड़ा गया प्रमुख युद्ध - पेशवा मोरोपंत जी के नेतृत्व में दो निर्णायक युद्ध लड़ा गया जिसके लिए उनको महाराजा छत्रपति शिवाजी ने उनको सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण स्थान पर नियुक्त किया ।त्रयम्बकेश्वर किला विजय अभियान एवं वानी-डिंडोरी का युद्ध सन 1670 ईसवी में लड़े जानेवाली ऐतिहासिक युद्ध था जिसमें मुग़ल सल्तनत की और से दाऊद ख़ाँ , इखलास ख़ाँ , मीर अब्दुल माबूद लड़ रहे थे। मुग़ल सल्तनत के प्रमुख सेनापति की तीन टुकड़ी बनी जिसमें त्रयम्बकेश्वर किले को मुग़ल के अधीनस्थ करने का दायित्व दाऊद ख़ाँ को मिला उसके नेतृत्व में 52,000 सैन्यबल था और दाऊद ख़ाँ के समक्ष थे श्री मोरोपंत पिंगले पेशवा , छत्रपति शिवाजी ने त्रयम्बकेश्वर किले पर हिन्दवी स्वराज्य का ध्वज फहराने का दायित्व पेशवा को दिया था। पेशवा के नेतृत्व में 1200 के संख्या में सैन्यबल था जिन्हें घात लगाकर युद्ध करने की पद्धति एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध पद्धत्ति में महारथ हासिल थी ।<br />पेशवा मोरोपंत पिंगले जी मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध कला के जनक - पेशवा मोरोपंत जी का मुख्य हथियार था मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्ध पद्धत्ति इसी युद्ध पद्धत्ति के बल पर उन्होंने दाऊद ख़ाँ को परास्त करके शिवाजी महाराज के हिन्दवी स्वराज्य के साम्राज्य में त्र्यम्बकेश्वर किले को सम्मिलित करने का कर्तव्य निभाया।<br />पेशवा मोरोपंत पिंगले जी को मनोवैज्ञानिक युद्धकला का जनकपिता माना जाता हैं ।</div>
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निष्कर्ष:- सिर्फ इतना ही नहीं बंगाल में प्रतिहार राजपूत राजाओं के साथ संयुक्त मोर्चा बनाकर पेशवा मोरोपंत जी ने बंगाल को अबीसीनिया के अरबी लूटेरों आक्रांताओं से मुक्त करवाया , महाराज सवाई जय सिंह के साथ संयुक्त मोर्चा कर पेशवा बाजी राव ने मुग़ल सल्तनत की साम्राज्य पर आखरी कील ठोका था। यह तो केवल एक झलक है पेशवाओं के वीरगाथा की ऐसे सैकड़ो सफल युद्ध अभियान कर पेशवाओं ने हिन्दू स्वराज्य की स्थापना में एवं धर्म रक्षा में अपना योगदान दिया था।<br />लेकिन आज के समय के हालात ये हैं कि वर्तमान सरकार के आँखों मे चुभ रहा है ब्राह्मण वर्ण यही नहीं कुछ लोगों ने चित्पावन ब्राह्मण को विदेशी भी बताना शुरू कर दिया है परंतु यह कथन "पेशवा की पेशवाई ना होता तो अटक- कटक से लेकर रावी-सिंध भगवामयी ना होता" उतना ही सत्य है जितना अंधेरे के बाद उजाले का होना । पेशवाओं को विदेशी बताने वाले लोगों और उन्हें लुटेरे की संज्ञा देने वाले कुछ इतिहासविदुरों से एक सवाल है कि पेशवाओं के साथ किसी आक्रमणकारी की व्यक्तिगतरूप से तो शत्रुता नहीं थी फ़िर क्यों पेशवाओं ने निरंतर युद्ध कर भारतवर्ष से आक्रमणकारियों को खदेड़ कर भारतवर्ष पर हिन्दू साम्राज्य का स्थापना किया आखिर किसके लिए खुद के लिए या सम्पूर्ण आर्यवर्त के लिए ???</div>
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आज की परिस्थिति ऐसी है कि महाराष्ट्र जो कि पेशवाओं की प्रमुख कर्मभूमि एवं जन्मभूमि रही है वहां कोरेगांव जयंती जैसी शर्मनाक कार्यक्रम का आयोजन करके पेशवाओं के साथ गद्दारी करके हरा के उनकी हार का जश्न मनाया जाता है तब किसी पार्टी का मुंह नहीं खुलता है लेकिन जब सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के एक सही निर्णय के खिलाफ यही तथाकथित शोषित वर्ग जब पब्लिक प्रॉपर्टी को नष्ट करते हुए हल्ला बोलते हैं तब तुरंत वर्तमान सरकार द्वारा सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के निर्णय के खिलाफ दो दो बार पुनर्विचार याचिका दायर कर दिया जाता है, अंत में बस भारत सरकार से यही एक अनुरोध है कि 125 करोड़ भारतीय आपके सन्तानतुल्य है और पिता का कर्तव्य होता है कि सन्तान जब मार्ग से भटके तो उसे सही मार्ग बताये ना कि मार्ग भटकाये और भ्रम पैदा करे क्योंकि वर्तमान भारत सरकार ने न्यायालय के फैसले के खिलाफ जो पुनर्विचार याचिका दायर की है वो आग में घी डालने का कार्य कर रही है और इससे यह भी सिद्ध होता है कि भारत सरकार भी इतिहास शायद बॉलीवुड के उन फिल्मों से सीखते हैं जिसमें मनगढंत कहानी बनाकर ब्राह्मणों और क्षत्रियों को हमेशा विलेन बताया जाता है ।</div>
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-10511429399699405332018-11-04T14:15:00.000-08:002018-11-04T14:15:21.563-08:00मरियम उद ज़मानी”, जोधा बाई बता कर एक झूठी अफवाह <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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जब भी कोई हिन्दू राजपूत किसी मुग़ल की गद्दारी की बात करता है तो कुछ मुग़ल प्रेमियों द्वारा उसे जोधाबाई का नाम लेकर चुप करने की कोशिश की जाती है!</div>
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बताया जाता है की कैसे जोधा ने अकबर की आधीनता स्वीकार की या उससे विवाह किया!</div>
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परन्तु अकबर कालीन किसी भी इतिहासकार ने जोधा और अकबर की प्रेम कहानी का कोई वर्णन नही किया!</div>
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सभी इतिहासकारों ने अकबर की सिर्फ 5 बेगम बताई है!<br />1.सलीमा सुल्तान<br />2.मरियम उद ज़मानी<br />3.रज़िया बेगम<br />4.कासिम बानू बेगम<br />5.बीबी दौलत शाद</div>
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अकबर ने खुद अपनी आत्मकथा अकबरनामा में भी किसी हिन्दू रानी से विवाह का कोई जिक्र नहीं किया!</div>
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परन्तु हिन्दू राजपूतों को नीचा दिखने के लिए कुछ इतिहासकारों ने अकबर की मृत्यु के करीब 300 साल बाद 18 वीं सदी में “मरियम उद ज़मानी”, को जोधा बाई बता कर एक झूठी अफवाह फैलाई!</div>
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और इसी अफवाह के आधार पर अकबर और जोधा की प्रेम कहानी के झूठे किस्से शुरू किये गए!</div>
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जबकि खुद अकबरनामा और जहांगीर नामा के अनुसार ऐसा कुछ नही था!</div>
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18वीं सदी में मरियम को हरखा बाई का नाम देकर हिन्दू बता कर उसके मान सिंह की बेटी होने का झूठ पहचान शुरू किया गया!</div>
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फिर 18वीं सदी के अंत में एक ब्रिटिश लेखक जेम्स टॉड ने अपनी किताब "एनालिसिस एंड एंटटीक्स ऑफ़ राजस्थान" में मरीयम से हरखा बाई बनी इसी रानी को जोधा बाई बताना शुरू कर दिया!</div>
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और इस तरह ये झूठ आगे जाकर इतना प्रबल हो गया की आज यही झूठ भारत के स्कूलों के पाठ्यक्रम का हिस्सा बन गया है और जन जन की जुबान पर ये झूठ सत्य की तरह आ चूका है!</div>
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और इसी झूठ का सहारा लेकर राजपूतों को निचा दिखाने की कोशिश जारी है!</div>
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जब भी मैं जोधाबाई और अकबर के विवाह प्रसंग को सुनता या देखता हूं तो मन में कुछ अनुत्तरित सवाल कौंधने लगते हैं!</div>
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आन,बान और शान के लिए मर मिटने वाले शूरवीरता के लिए पूरे विश्व मे प्रसिद्ध भारतीय क्षत्रिय अपनी अस्मिता से क्या कभी इस तरह का समझौता कर सकते हैं??</div>
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हजारों की संख्या में एक साथ अग्नि कुंड में जौहर करने वाली क्षत्राणियों में से कोई स्वेच्छा से किसी मुगल से विवाह कर सकती हैं??</div>
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जोधा और अकबर की प्रेम कहानी पर केंद्रित अनेक फिल्में और टीवी धारावाहिक मेरे मन की टीस को और ज्यादा बढ़ा देते हैं!</div>
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अब जब यह पीड़ा असहनीय हो गई तो एक दिन इस प्रसंग में इतिहास जानने की जिज्ञासा हुई तो पास के पुस्तकालय से अकबर के दरबारी 'अबुल फजल' द्वारा लिखित 'अकबरनामा' निकाल कर पढ़ने के लिए ले आया!</div>
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उत्सुकतावश उसे एक ही बैठक में पूरा पढ़ डाला पूरी किताब पढ़ने के बाद घोर आश्चर्य तब हुआ जब पूरी पुस्तक में जोधाबाई का कहीं कोई उल्लेख ही नही मिला!</div>
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मेरी आश्चर्य मिश्रित जिज्ञासा को भांपते हुए मेरे मित्र ने एक अन्य ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथ 'तुजुक-ए-जहांगिरी' जो जहांगीर की आत्मकथा है उसे दिया!</div>
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इसमें भी आश्चर्यजनक रूप से जहांगीर ने अपनी मां जोधाबाई का एक भी बार जिक्र नही किया!</div>
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हां कुछ स्थानों पर हीर कुँवर और हरका बाई का जिक्र जरूर था!</div>
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अब जोधाबाई के बारे में सभी एतिहासिक दावे झूठे समझ आ रहे थे कुछ और पुस्तकों और इंटरनेट पर उपलब्ध जानकारी के पश्चात हकीकत सामने आयी कि “जोधा बाई” का पूरे इतिहास में कहीं कोई जिक्र या नाम नहीं है!</div>
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इस खोजबीन में एक नई बात सामने आई जो बहुत चौकानें वाली है!</div>
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ईतिहास में दर्ज कुछ तथ्यों के आधार पर पता चला कि आमेर के राजा भारमल को दहेज में 'रुकमा' नाम की एक पर्सियन दासी भेंट की गई थी जिसकी एक छोटी पुत्री भी थी!</div>
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रुकमा की बेटी होने के कारण उस लड़की को 'रुकमा-बिट्टी' नाम से बुलाते थे आमेर की महारानी ने रुकमा बिट्टी को 'हीर कुँवर' नाम दिया चूँकि हीर कुँवर का लालन पालन राजपूताना में हुआ इसलिए वह राजपूतों के रीति-रिवाजों से भली भांति परिचित थी!</div>
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राजा भारमल उसे कभी हीर कुँवरनी तो कभी हरका कह कर बुलाते थे!</div>
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राजा भारमल ने अकबर को बेवकूफ बनाकर अपनी परसियन दासी रुकमा की पुत्री हीर कुँवर का विवाह अकबर से करा दिया जिसे बाद में अकबर ने मरियम-उज-जमानी नाम दिया!</div>
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चूँकि राजा भारमल ने उसका कन्यादान किया था इसलिये ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथो में हीर कुँवरनी को राजा भारमल की पुत्री बता दिया!</div>
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जबकि वास्तव में वह कच्छवाह राजकुमारी नही बल्कि दासी-पुत्री थी!</div>
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राजा भारमल ने यह विवाह एक समझौते की तरह या राजपूती भाषा में कहें तो हल्दी-चन्दन किया था!</div>
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इस विवाह के विषय मे अरब में बहुत सी किताबों में लिखा है!</div>
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(“ونحن في شك حول أكبر أو جعل الزواج راجبوت الأميرة في هندوستان آرياس كذبة لمجلس”) हम यकीन नहीं करते इस निकाह पर हमें संदेह<br />इसी तरह ईरान के मल्लिक नेशनल संग्रहालय एन्ड लाइब्रेरी में रखी किताबों में एक भारतीय मुगल शासक का विवाह एक परसियन दासी की पुत्री से करवाए जाने की बात लिखी है!</div>
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'अकबर-ए-महुरियत' में यह साफ-साफ लिखा है कि (ہم راجپوت شہزادی یا اکبر کے بارے میں شک میں ہیں) हमें इस हिन्दू निकाह पर संदेह है क्योंकि निकाह के वक्त राजभवन में किसी की आखों में आँसू नही थे और ना ही हिन्दू गोद भरई की रस्म हुई थी!</div>
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सिक्ख धर्म गुरू अर्जुन और गुरू गोविन्द सिंह ने इस विवाह के विषय मे कहा था कि क्षत्रियों ने अब तलवारों और बुद्धि दोनो का इस्तेमाल करना सीख लिया है, मतलब राजपुताना अब तलवारों के साथ-साथ बुद्धि का भी काम लेने लगा है!</div>
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17वी सदी में जब 'परसी' भारत भ्रमण के लिये आये तब उन्होंने अपनी रचना ”परसी तित्ता” में लिखा “यह भारतीय राजा एक परसियन वैश्या को सही हरम में भेज रहा है अत: हमारे देव(अहुरा मझदा) इस राजा को स्वर्ग दें"!</div>
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भारतीय राजाओं के दरबारों में राव और भाटों का विशेष स्थान होता था वे राजा के इतिहास को लिखते थे और विरदावली गाते थे उन्होंने साफ साफ लिखा है-</div>
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”गढ़ आमेर आयी तुरकान फौज ले ग्याली पसवान कुमारी ,राण राज्या राजपूता ले ली इतिहासा पहली बार ले बिन लड़िया जीत!<br />(1563 AD)</div>
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मतलब आमेर किले में मुगल फौज आती है और एक दासी की पुत्री को ब्याह कर ले जाती है!</div>
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हे रण के लिये पैदा हुए राजपूतों तुमने इतिहास में ले ली बिना लड़े पहली जीत 1563 AD!</div>
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ये ऐसे कुछ तथ्य हैं जिनसे एक बात समझ आती है कि किसी ने जानबूझकर गौरवशाली क्षत्रिय समाज को नीचा दिखाने के उद्देश्य से ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों से छेड़छाड़ की और यह कुप्रयास अभी भी जारी है!</div>
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लेकिन अब यह षडयंत्र अधिक दिन नही चलेगा ।<br /><span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f1f/1.5/16/1f6a9.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">🚩</span></span><span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f1f/1.5/16/1f6a9.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">🚩</span></span>जय माँ भवानी. <span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f1f/1.5/16/1f6a9.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">🚩</span></span><span class="_5mfr" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 1px;"><span class="_6qdm" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/f1f/1.5/16/1f6a9.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; text-shadow: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 16px;">🚩</span></span></div>
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Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-78043321587639409742018-08-19T13:24:00.001-07:002018-08-19T13:24:27.039-07:00CONCEPT OF ZERO<a href="https://pparihar.com/2014/04/02/concept-of-zero/">CONCEPT OF ZERO</a>Pradeep Singh http://www.blogger.com/profile/09792755250562479741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3568632839751208512.post-8200633609780418102018-03-08T22:12:00.001-08:002018-03-08T22:12:44.661-08:00आदिनाथ” मंदिर से बनी “अदीना” मस्जिद आइए जानते है कब से शुरु हुआ ये षडयंत्र <span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“बिजया” मंदिर बना “बीजामंडल” मस्जिद</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">मूल नाम: बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर (हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">स्थान: विदिशा, मध्य प्रदेश</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />इस्लामिक अत्याचार के बाद परिवर्तित नाम: बीजा मंडल मस्जिद<br />मध्य प्रदेश की राजधानी भोपाल से लगभग ६० किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित है – विदिशा शहर। विदिशा अपनी बीजामंडल मस्जिद और उसके दिलचस्प इतिहास के लिए प्रसिध्द है।<br />इस्लामिक राज में भारतवर्ष के बहुत से अद्भुत वैभवशाली मंदिर विनष्ट कर मस्जिद में बदल दिए गए थे। हिन्दू मंदिरों को लूट-खसोट कर, उनकी संपत्ति हड़प कर, उसे तबाह करने के बाद उसी ढहाए हुए मंदिर के बचे हुए अवशेषों से वहां मस्जिद बना दी जाती थी। और इस तरह एक हिन्दू मंदिर मस्जिद में तब्दील कर दिया जाता था, बीजामंडल मस्जिद भी इसी का एक उदाहरण है।<br />आज अपना सारा वैभव खोकर खड़ा बीजामंडल मुग़ल और इस्लामिक लुटेरों के भीषण क्रूर अत्याचार की दर्दनाक कहानी कह रहा है।<br />बिजया मंदिर परमार राजाओं द्वारा बनवाया गया प्रतिष्ठा की देवी चर्चिका का मंदिर था। इस मंदिर को ध्वस्त कर उसी की तोड़ी गई सामग्री से वहां बीजामंडल मस्जिद बना दी गई।<br />वहां मौजूद एक स्तंभ पर मिले संस्कृत अभिलेख के अनुसार मूलतः यह मंदिर विजय दिलाने वाली देवी ‘विजया’ को अर्पित था, जिसे मालवा के राजा नरवर्मन ने बनवाया था। भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण (ASI) भी इसका स्पष्ट उल्लेख करता है।<br />बीजा या बिजया शब्द – देवी विजया रानी के नाम का ही बिगड़ा हुआ रूप है। इस तरह बीजा मंडल या बिजया मंदिर एक हिन्दू देवी को समर्पित मंदिर था।<br />सन् १६५८-१७०७ में औरंगजेब की क्रूर निगाह इस पर पड़ी, जिसने अपना शिकार बनाते हुए इसे लूट-खसोट कर तहस-नहस कर दिया। उसने कीमती मूर्तियों को मंदिर के उत्तरी भाग में दबवा दिया और इसे एक मस्जिद में परिवर्तित कर दिया।<br />भले ही यह परिसर अब भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग द्वारा स्मारक के रूप में संरक्षित है लेकिन पिछले ३०० वर्षों से इसका इस्तेमाल खासतौर से ईद के मौके पर ईदगाह के रूप में और बड़ी महफिलों के लिए होता आ रहा है।<br />सन् १९९१ की एक तूफानी रात में इस मस्जिद के उत्तरी किनारे की दीवार भारी बारिश के कारण भहराकर गिर पड़ी। टूट कर उलट-पुलट हो चुकी इस दीवार ने बिजया मंदिर की ३०० वर्ष पुरानी दबी हुई समृद्धि को उजागर कर दिया। भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग भी यह स्वीकार करता है कि उनके द्वारा वहां खुदाई करवा कर कई तराशी हुई मूर्तियां, बहुमूल्य ख़जाना और प्रतिमाएं प्राप्त की गईं।<br />बीजामंडल मस्जिद की दिवारों और स्तंभों पर रामायण और महाभारत के अभिलेख खुदे हुए हैं। यह सभी प्रमाण लोगों के देखने के लिए वहां उपलब्ध हैं।<br />मुसलमानों को इस बात को समझना होगा कि कैसे उनके हिन्दू पूर्वजों (काफिरों) को और उनकी सांस्कृतिक धरोहरों को जबरन इस्लाम में परिवर्तित किया गया है। सांस्कृतिक धरोहर को वापस पाने की इस मुहीम में उन्हें हिन्दुओं के साथ आकर इसे और गति प्रदान करनी चाहिए।</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">मनीषा सिंह बाईसा जगह मेवाड़ / मेड़ता , राजपुताना राजस्थान की कलम से : </span>Decoding Hinduismhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11694566300003485742noreply@blogger.com0